Tibialis posterior strength and lower extremity kinematics in Kathak dancers with pronated feet: A biomechanical analysis

Yasmeen Imtiaz Gousebasha; Abinaya Anbalagan; Sowmiya Meganathan

doi:10.2478/bhk-2026-0002

Figures & Tables

Correlation between foot posture index and lower extremity kinematics during gait sagittal plane (knee) (n = 30)

Variables	Mean value		R value		95% CI for R		P-value
Variables	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left
FPI score	7.80	7.40
Initial contact knee	177.46	176.07	0.644	0.386	0.369, 0.815	0.030, 0.655	<0.001	0.035
Loading response knee	173.80	166.26	0.550	0.180	0.237, 0.760	−0.193, 0.507	0.002	0.340
Mid stance knee	174.23	172.93	0.607	0.412	0.316, 0.794	0.061, 0.672	<0.001	0.024
Terminal stance knee	167.26	166.19	0.509	0.138	0.182, 0.735	−0.234, 0.475	0.004	0.466
Pre swing knee	147.25	146.67	0.309	0.134	−0.058, 0.602	−0.238, 0.472	0.097	0.481
Initial swing knee	123.00	122.16	0.094	−0.057	−0.276, 0.439	−0.409, 0.310	0.621	0.763
Mid swing knee	157.88	155.56	0.063	0.036	−0.304, 0.414	−0.329, 0.391	0.740	0.851

Correlation between foot posture index and tibialis posterior muscle strength (n = 30)

R value		95% CI		P-value
Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left
−0.162	0.007	0.493 to 0.211	−0.354, 0.366	0.393	0.970

Comparison between mean values of lower limb kinematics of kathak dancers with normative values

Lower limb kinematics	Mean		Normative value	Δ (Mean–norm)		95% CI (Δ)		Hedges’ g (effect size)		P value (two-tailed significance)
Lower limb kinematics	Right	Left	Normative value	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left
Initial contact ankle	102.9	102.02	92.5	10.41	9.53	7.61 to 13.20	7.26 to 11.80	1.35	1.53	<0.001	<0.001
Loading response ankle	102.23	101.10	93	9.24	8.10	7.35 to 11.13	6.28 to 9.93	1.57	1.60	<0.001	<0.001
Mid stance ankle	87.36	88.05	82	5.36	6.05	–0.36 to 11.08	4.37 to 7.73	0.34	1.31	0.065	<0.001
Terminal stance ankle	90.72	87.92	80	10.72	7.92	6.96 to 14.49	4.07 to 11.77	1.02	0.77	<0.001	<0.001
Pre swing ankle	107.34	104.66	104	3.34	0.66	–0.51 to 7.19	–3.76 to 5.08	0.33	0.10	0.086	0.762
Initial swing ankle	87.90	87.14	99	–11.10	–11.86	–13.91 to –8.29	–14.73 to –9.00	−1.72	−1.84	<0.001	<0.001
Mid swing ankle	90.21	92.50	85	5.22	7.51	3.25 to 7.19	3.17 to 11.85	1.13	0.85	<0.001	0.001
Initial contact knee	177.46	176.07	173	4.46	4.73	2.16 to 6.76	2.75 to 6.71	0.85	1.01	<0.001	0.001
Loading response knee	173.80	166.26	160	4.27	9.99	1.93 to 6.60	6.36 to 13.63	0.87	1.09	<0.001	0.241
Mid stance knee	174.23	172.93	172.5	1.66	3.93	0.48 to 2.84	1.99 to 5.87	0.56	0.79	0.014	0.596
Terminal stance knee	167.26	166.19	167	8.63	9.57	5.75 to 11.51	6.23 to 12.90	1.65	1.75	0.778	0.386
Pre swing knee	147.25	146.67	141.5	4.18	5.22	1.16 to 7.20	2.05 to 8.38	0.51	0.60	0.000	0.002
Initial swing knee	123.00	122.16	121	16.53	16.77	12.42 to 20.65	12.30 to 21.23	2.50	2.28	0.094	0.290
Mid swing knee	157.88	155.56	151.5	1.53	3.53	–0.42 to 3.48	1.14 to 5.92	0.35	0.71	0.001	0.007
Initial contact hip	19.64	20.31	23.5	2.57	2.90	0.51 to 4.63	0.63 to 5.17	0.56	0.59	0.001	0.001
Loading response hip	12.93	14.22	22.5	2.67	2.27	0.04 to 5.30	–0.40 to 4.93	0.43	0.36	<0.001	<0.001
Mid stance hip	−1.30	−0.31	−3	4.41	3.49	1.57 to 7.26	0.53 to 6.45	0.74	0.54	0.007	<0.001
Terminal stance hip	−11.93	−11.07	−19	11.58	11.81	7.78 to 15.39	8.05 to 15.58	1.33	1.42	<0.001	<0.001
Pre swing hip	−8.55	−7.75	−11	9.47	9.69	6.46 to 12.48	6.49 to 12.88	1.32	1.27	0.007	0.002
Initial swing hip	20.93	21.07	13	7.88	8.01	4.84 to 10.91	4.28 to 11.74	1.26	1.18	<0.001	<0.001
Mid swing hip	22.28	22.36	26	7.13	7.10	4.80 to 9.45	4.34 to 9.86	1.50	1.39	0.001	<0.001
Mid stance rear foot angle	17.37	14.76	4	13.37	10.77	10.96 to 15.79	8.33 to 13.20	2.01	1.61	<0.001	<0.001
Mid stance pelvic drop	3.60	2.20	2.5	2.27	–0.20	–0.15 to 4.69	–1.96 to 1.57	0.34	−0.10	0.062	0.586
Mid stance knee add/abd	1.61	1.17	0	1.50	1.17	0.79 to 2.21	0.22 to 2.12	0.89	0.45	<0.001	0.017

Demographic data of the tested participants

Variable	Values
Total sample size	30 females
Mean age (years)	22.43 ± 1.81
Mean height (cm)	159 ± 5.34 cm
Mean weight (kg)	63 ± 8.56 kg
Number of years of Kathak experience (years)	2.95 ± 0.95

Correlation between foot posture index and lower extremity kinematics during gait frontal plane (n = 30)

Variables	Mean value		R value		95% CI		Significance
Variables	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left
FPI score	7.80	7.40
Mid stance rear foot angle	17.37	14.76	0.946	0.961	0.889, 0.974	0.919, 0.981	<0.001	<0.001
Mid stance knee adduction/abduction	1.61	1.17	−0.127	−0.199	−0.466, 0.244	−0.522, 0.174	0.503	0.533
Mid stance pelvic drop	3.60	2.20	−0.010	−0.079	−0.369, 0.352	−0.427, 0.290	0.958	0.679

Correlation between foot posture index and lower extremity kinematics during gait sagittal plane (hip) (n = 30)

	Mean value		R value		95% CI for R		P-value
	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left
FPI score	7.80	7.40
Initial contact	19.64	20.31	−0.597	−0.313	−0.788, −0.302	−0.605, 0.053	<0.001	0.092
Loading response	12.93	14.22	−0.549	−0.365	−0.759, −0.235	−0.641, −0.005	0.002	0.047
Mid stance	−1.30	−0.31	−0.685	−0.471	−0.838, −0.431	−0.711, −0.133	<0.001	0.009
Terminal stance	−11.93	−11.07	−0.519	−0.278	−0.741, −0.195	−0.580, 0.091	0.003	0.137
Pre swing	−8.55	−7.75	−0.497	−0.299	−0.727, −0.167	−0.595, 0.069	0.005	0.109
Initial swing	20.93	21.07	−0.357	0.016	−0.636, 0.004	0.346, 0.374	0.057	0.933
Mid swing	22.28	22.36	−0.135	−0.009	−0.472, 0.237	−0.368, 0.352	0.476	0.963

Mean values and correlation between foot posture index and variables related to lower extremity kinematics during gait sagittal plane (ankle) (n = 30)

Variables	Mean value		R value		95% CI		P-value
Variables	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left
FPI score	7.80	7.40
Initial contact ankle	102.9	102.02	0.460	0.289	0.120, 0.704	−0.080, 0.588	0.010	0.122
Loading response ankle	102.23	101.10	0.154	0.123	−0.218, 0.487	−0.248, 0.463	0.415	0.517
Mid stance ankle	87.36	88.05	−0.012	0.161	−0.371, 0.350	−0.212, 0.493	0.950	0.394
Terminal stance ankle	90.72	87.92	0.026	0.198	−0.337, 0.383	−0.175, 0.521	0.892	0.295
Pre-swing ankle	107.34	104.66	0.128	0.281	−0.244, 0.467	−0.088, 0.582	0.499	0.133
Initial swing ankle	87.90	87.14	−0.087	−0.021	−0.434, 0.282	−0.378, 0.342	0.648	0.911
Mid swing ankle	90.21	92.50	−0.377	0.110	−0.649, −0.019	−0.261, 0.452	0.040	0.562

Tibialis posterior strength and lower extremity kinematics in Kathak dancers with pronated feet: A biomechanical analysis

Figures & Tables

Correlation between foot posture index and lower extremity kinematics during gait sagittal plane (knee) (n = 30)

Correlation between foot posture index and tibialis posterior muscle strength (n = 30)

Comparison between mean values of lower limb kinematics of kathak dancers with normative values

Demographic data of the tested participants

Correlation between foot posture index and lower extremity kinematics during gait frontal plane (n = 30)

Correlation between foot posture index and lower extremity kinematics during gait sagittal plane (hip) (n = 30)

Mean values and correlation between foot posture index and variables related to lower extremity kinematics during gait sagittal plane (ankle) (n = 30)

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