[1]. H. Plecher, Distribution of gross domestic product (GDP) across economic sectors Pakistan 2019. Employment by economic sector in Pakistan 2020 – Statista, 28 July 2020, www.statista.com, assessed on Nov. 14, 2020
[2]. A. Rehman, L. Jingdong, A.A. Chandio, I. Hussain, Livestock production and population census in Pakistan: Determining their relationship with agricultural GDP using econometric analysis, Information Processing in Agriculture 4 (2017) 168–177. Doi: org/10.1016/j.inpa.2017.03.002.
[4]. S. Omar, As Eid approaches, the leather industry braces itself for the worst, Profit E-Magazine 99 (2020) 35-38. https://profit.pakistantoday.com.pk/2020/07/26/as-eid-approaches-the-leather-industry-braces-itself-for-the-worst/, assessed on Nov. 13, 2020.
[6]. G. H. Hashmi, G. Dastageer, M. S. Sajid, Z. Ali, F. M. Malik, I. Liaqat, Leather industry and environment: Pakistan scenario, International Journal of Applied Biology and Forensics 1 (2017) 20-25.
[7]. M. Shahid, S. Shamshad, M. Rafiq, S. Khalid, I. Bibi, N.K. Niazi, C. Dumat, M.I. Rashid, Chromium speciation, bioavailability, uptake, toxicity and detoxification in soil-plant system: A review, Chemosphere 178 (2017) 513-533. Doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.074.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.074
[8]. D.K. Patra, C. Pradhan, H.K. Patra, Chromium bioaccumulation, oxidative stress metabolism and oil content in lemon grass Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W. Watson grown in chromium rich over burden soil of Sukinda chromite mine, India, Chemosphere 218 (2019) 1082-1088. Doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.211.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.211
[9]. D. Paustenbach, B. Finley, F. Mowat, B. Kerger, Human health risk and exposure assessment of chromium (VI) in tap water, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 66 (2003) 1295-339. Doi: 10.1080/15287390306388.10.1080/15287390306388
[11]. Y.S. Hedberg, C. Lidén, Chromium (III) and chromium (VI) release from leather during 8 months of simulated use, Contact dermatitis 75 (2016) 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12581.10.1111/cod.12581
[12]. Y.S. Hedberg, Z. Wei, M. Matura, High release of hexavalent chromium into artificial sweat in a case of leather shoe-induced contact dermatitis, Contact Dermatitis 82 (2020) 179-181. Doi: 10.1111/cod.13425.10.1111/cod.13425
[13]. F. Mathiason, C. Lidén, Y.S. Hedberg, Chromium released from leather – II: the importance of environmental parameters, Contact Dermatitis 72 (2015) 275–285. Doi: 10.1111/cod.12334.10.1111/cod.12334
[14]. H.J. Gibb, P.S.J. Lees, P.F. Pinsky, B.C. Roony, Lung cancer among workers in chromium chemical production, American Journal of Industrial Medicine 38 (2000) 115-126. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0274(200008)38:2<115::AID-AJIM1>3.0.CO;2-Y10.1002/1097-0274(200008)38:2<115::AID-AJIM1>3.0.CO;2-Y
[16]. S. Mishra, R.N. Bharagava, Toxic and genotoxic effects of hexavalent chromium in environment and its bioremediation strategies. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 34 (2016) 1-32. Doi: 10.1080/10590501.2015.1096883.10.1080/10590501.2015.1096883
[17]. R.T. Pflaum, L.C. Howick, The chromium-diphenylcarbazide reaction, Journal of the American Chemical Society 78 (1956) 4862–4866.10.1021/ja01600a014
[18]. A. Sanchez-Hachair, A. Hofmann, Hexavalent chromium quantification in solution: Comparing direct UV visible spectrometry with 1, 5-diphenylcarbazide colorimetry, Comptes Rendus Chimie 21 (2018) 890-896.
[19]. M. Monteiro, I. Fraga, Y. Allegra, N. Oliveira, S. Ribeiro, Determination of total chromium traces in tannery effluents by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry and UV-visible spectrophotometric method, Talanta 58 (2002) 629-33. Doi: 10.1016/S0039 9140(02)00317-X.
[21]. M. Junaid, M. Z. Hashmi, R. N. Malik, De-S. Pei, Toxicity and oxidative stress induced by chromium in workers exposed from different occupational settings around the globe: A review, Environmental Science Pollution Research International 23 (2016) 20151-20167. Doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7463-x.10.1007/s11356-016-7463-x27562808
[22]. M. Noor, Environmental disasters, their impact and causes in Pakistan, Technology Times Pakistan (Weekly) October 2, 2020 accessed on Dec. 3, 2020.
[23]. J.A. Bhalli, Q.M. Khan, Pollution level analysis in tannery effluents collected from three different cities of Punjab, Pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 9 (2006) 418-421. Doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2006.418.42110.3923/pjbs.2006.418.421
[24]. M. Shafiq, T. Shaukat, A. Nazir, F.E. Bareen, Modeling of Cr contamination in the agricultural lands of three villages near the leather industry in Kasur, Pakistan, using statistical and GIS techniques, Environment Monitoring Assessment 189 (2017) 423. Doi: 10.1007/s10661-017-6126-9.10.1007/s10661-017-6126-928762145
[26]. M. Gheju, I. Balcu, M. Ciopec, Analysis of hexavalent chromium uptake by plants in polluted Soils, Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry 20 (2009) 127-131.
[27]. Omm-e-Hany, N. Asia, A. Alamgir, H. Kanwal, Determination of Chromium in the Tannery wastewater, Korangi, Karachi, International Journal of Environmental Science Nature Research 15 (2016) 555920. Doi: 10.19080/IJESNR.2018.15.555920.10.19080/IJESNR.2018.15.555920
[28]. F. Younas, I. Bibi, N.K. Niazi, M. Shahid, S. Bashir, Z. Aslam, M. M. Hussain, Distribution of total chromium and chromium species in tannery wastewater from district Kasur Punjab, Pakistan, International Conference on Environmental Toxicology and Health, ESCON (2019) 135, Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan.
[29]. S. Ahad, M.R.K. Mohammad, Analysis of Kasur Tannery pre treated wastewater for rendering it fit for irrigation, Journal of Applicable Chemistry 3 (2014) 2427-2434.
[30]. M.A. Qureshi, H.-ur Rehman, Z. Shehzad, F.U. Khan, A. Rehman, B. Zahoor, N.-ul. Akbar, N.L. Hidayati, K. Saeed, Evaluation of health risks among the workers employed in tannery industry in Pakistan, Journal of Entomology & Zoology Studies 4 (2016) 244-246.
[31]. N.M. Shahid, M. Saleem, H. Anwar, S. Khalid, T.Z. Tariq, B. Murtaza, M. Amjad, M.A. Naeem, A multivariate analysis of comparative effects of heavy metals on cellular biomarkers of phytoremediation using Brassica oleracea, International Journal of Phytoremediation 22 (2020) 617–627. Doi: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1701980.10.1080/15226514.2019.170198031856592
[32]. S. Ali, M. Rizwan, A. Waqas, M. Hussain, F. Hussain, S. Liu, A. Alqarawi, A. Hashim. E. Abd-Allah, Fulvic acid prevents chromium-induced morphological, photosynthetic, and oxidative alterations in wheat irrigated with tannery waste water, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 37 (2018) 1357–1367. Doi: 10.1007/s00344-018-9843-6.10.1007/s00344-018-9843-6
[33]. A. Sharma, D. Kapoor, J. Wang, B. Shahzad, V. Kumar, A.S. Bali, S. Jasrotia, B. Zheng, H. Yuan, D. Yan, Chromium bioaccumulation and its impacts on plants: An overview, Plants (Basel, Switzerland) 9 (2020) 100-117. Doi: 10.3390/plants9010100.10.3390/plants9010100702021431941115
[35]. G. Krishnamoorthy, S. Sadulla, P.K. Sehgal, A.B. Mandal, Green chemistry approaches to leather tanning process for making chrome-free leather by unnatural amino acids, Journal of Hazardous Materials 215 & 216 (2012) 173-182. Doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.046.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.04622421341
[37]. I. Ahmed, M. Habib, U. Habib, A. Hai, K. Amadullah, Analysis and treatment of tannery waste water by using combined filtration and coagulation treatment process, Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences B. Life and Environmental Sciences 53 (2016) 179–183.
[38]. C. Zhao, W. Chen, A review for tannery wastewater treatment: some thoughts under stricter discharge requirements, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26 (2019) 26102–26111. Doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-05699-610.1007/s11356-019-05699-631280442
[39]. M. Iqbal, M. Muneer, S. Hussain, B. Parveen, M. Javed, H. Rehman, M. Waqas, M. A. Abid, Using Combined UV and H2O2 Treatments to Reduce Tannery Wastewater Pollution Load, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 28 (2019) 3207-3213. Doi: 10.15244/pjoes/92706.10.15244/pjoes/92706
[41]. Nur-e-Alam, M.A.S. Mia, F. Ahmad, M.M. Rahman, An overview of chromium removal techniques from tannery effluent, Applied Water Science 10 (2020) 205. Doi: 10.1007/s13201-020-01286-0.10.1007/s13201-020-01286-0
[42]. S.E. Benjamin, M.A. Sajjid, Factors affecting the adsorption of trivalent chromium ions by activated carbon prepared from waste rubber tyres, Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal 2 (2017) 1660-1664. Doi: 10.25046/aj020320610.25046/aj0203206
[43]. S. Ashraf, M. Afzal, K. Rehman, M. Naveed, Z.A. Zahir, Plant-endophyte synergism in constructed wetlands enhances the remediation of tannery effluent, Water Science and Technology 77 (2018) 1262–1270. Doi: 10.2166/wst.2018.004.10.2166/wst.2018.00429528314
[44]. M.U. Mushtaq, A. Iqbal, I. Nawaz, C.R. Mirza, S. Yousaf, G. Farooq, M.A. Ali, A.H.A. Khan, M. Iqbal, Enhanced uptake of Cd, Cr, and Cu in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don by Bacillus cereus: application of moss and compost to reduce metal availability, Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 27 (2020) 39807-39818. Doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-08839-5.10.1007/s11356-020-08839-532319069
[45]. A.I. Mallhi, S.A.S. Chatha, A.I. Hussain, M. Rizwan, S.A.H. Bukhar, A. Hussain, Z.I. Mallhi, S. Ali, A. Hashem, E.F. Abd Allah, M.N. Alyemeni, P. Ahmad, Citric acid assisted phytoremediation of chromium through sunflower plants irrigated with tannery wastewater, Plants 9 (2020) 380. Doi: 10.3390/plants9030380.10.3390/plants9030380715484632204568
[46]. G.L. Tadesse, T.K. Guya, Impacts of tannery effluent on environments and human health, Journal of Environment and Earth Science 7 (2017) 88 – 97.