Abstract
Operational efficiency is critical for sustained competitive advantage in the global manufacturing sector. However, organizational performance is often undermined by the “Hidden Factory” (HF)—an ensemble of non-productive activities that consume resources without generating value. This research empirically investigates the nature and manifestation of the HF within organizational processes, drawing on Lean and Total Quality Management (TQM) principles. A quantitative survey methodology was employed on a stratified sample of employees from diverse industries in Romania. The study sought to quantify loss identification, conceptual awareness, and barriers to improvement. Key findings reveal a substantial organizational disconnect: while formal awareness of the HF concept is low (18–24% of respondents), operational recognition of non-value-added processes is exceptionally high (72%). The dominant losses are organizational and informational, specifically manual processes (44%) and defective communication (42%), indicating a critical need for digital transformation. The primary barrier to improvement is the lack of dedicated managerial support and resource allocation. This study provides empirical data from an emerging European economy, highlighting a shift in organizational waste from physical defects to systemic informational friction. Mitigating the HF—estimated to consume 20–40% of operational capacity—requires strategic leadership commitment to digitalization, process standardization, and Lean Six Sigma methodologies.