Selection of the Most Appropriate Vehicles with the Aim of Decarbonising the Transportation Sector Using AHP

Khodkam, Himan; Pourdarbani, Razieh; Hernandez-Hernandez, José Luis

doi:10.2478/ata-2025-0009

Abstract

Global warming and air pollution have affected the human and animal ecosystem, and a large part of these destructive effects are related to the transportation system. By replacing sustainable vehicles, combustion engines that cause climate change can be eliminated. This study compares five sustainable technologies, namely solar powered vehicles, biofuel vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), electric vehicles (EVs), and hybrid vehicles (HEVs) using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). All criteria and sub-criteria were weighted to determine the best option according to the existing alternatives. According to the results, the solar vehicles had the minimum emission of greenhouse gases in the exhaust outlet, but the disadvantage was challenging problems in the infrastructure. Solar vehicles are dependent on weather conditions which can be encountered with difficulties in terms of distance. Hereupon, before implementing the plan, it is necessary to evaluate the study area. It is recommended to integrate hybrid support systems to overcome the problem. In the view point of criteria, the technical criterion is the most important, and among the sub-criteria, infrastructure and social understanding are the most and least effective sub-criteria, respectively. Solar vehicles require minimal infrastructure. Biofuel vehicles were preferable in terms of distance compared to others. In terms of possible risks, electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles were the least and most dangerous, respectively. As a conclusion, solar powered vehicles were preferred among the proposed options and considered the best alternative to combustion engine vehicles. The only problem was that the process of making panels and storage batteries leads to the emission of greenhouse gases.

References

ANDALORO, L. – MICARI, S. – NAPOLI, G. – POLIMENI, A. – ANTONUCCI, V. 2016. A hybrid electric fuel cell minibus: Drive test. In World Electric Vehicle Journal, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 131–138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8010131
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
DAHLGREN, S. 2022. Biogas-based fuels as renewable energy in the transport sector: an overview of the potential of using CBG, LBG and other vehicle fuels produced from biogas. In Biofuels, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 587–599. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2020.1821571
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
DE JONG, P. – TORRES, E. A. – DE MELO, S. A. B. V. – MENDES-SANTANA, D. – PONTES, K. V. 2023. Socio-economic and environmental aspects of bio-LPG and bio-dimethyl ether (Bio-DME) production and usage in developing countries: The case of Brazil. In Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy, vol. 6, article no. 100055. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100055
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
DE -LORENZO, G. – RUFFO, R. M. – FRAGIACOMO, P. 2023. Preliminary design of the fuel cells based energy systems for a cruise ship. In World Electric Vehicle Journal, vol. 14, no. 9, article no. 263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14090263
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
DEBNATH, D. – KHANNA, M. – RAJAGOPAL, D. – ZILBERMAN, D. 2019. The future of biofuels in an electrifying global transportation sector: Imperative, prospects and challenges. In Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 563–582. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppz023
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
DESHMUKH, M. K. G. – SAMEERODDIN, M. – ABDUL, D. –SATTAR, M. A. 2023. Renewable energy in the 21^st century: A review. In Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 1756–1759. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.501
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
FERNÁNDEZ, R. Á. 2018. A more realistic approach to electric vehicle contribution to greenhouse gas emissions in the city. In Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 172, pp. 949–959. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.158
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
GAUTAM, P. – NEHA – UPADHYAY, S. N. – DUBEY, S. K. 2020. Biomethanol as a renewable fuel from waste biomass: Current trends and future perspective. In Fuel, vol. 273, article no. 117783. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117783
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
GHASEMI, R. – SEDIGHI, M. – GHASEMI, M. – GHAZANFARPOOR, S. B. 2023. Design of a fuzzy adaptive voltage controller for a nonlinear polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with an unknown dynamical system. In Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 18, article no. 13609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813609
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
GUO, W. – KONG, L. – CHOW, T. – LI, C. – ZHU, Q. – QIU, Z. – LI, L. – WANG, Y. – RIFFAT, S. B. 2020. Energy performance of photovoltaic (PV) windows under typical climates of China in terms of transmittance and orientation. In Energy, vol. 213, article no. 118794.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
GUSTAFSSON, M. – CRUZ, I. – SVENSSON, N. – KARLSSON, M. 2020. Scenarios for upgrading and distribution of compressed and liquefied biogas – energy, environmental, and economic analysis. In Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 256, article no. 120473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120473
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
HANSEN, J. 2021. Expansion in matrix-weighted graphs. In Linear Algebra and its Applications, vol. 630, pp. 252–273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.laa.2021.08.009
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
HEMANSI – HIMANSHU – PATEL, A. K. – SAINI, J. K. – SINGHANIA, R. R. 2022. Development of multiple inhibitor tolerant yeast via adaptive laboratory evolution for sustainable bioethanol production. In Bioresource Technology, vol. 344, part B, article no. 126247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126247
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
JABRAEILI, M. – POURDARBANI, R. – NAJAFI, B. – NEMATOLLAHZADEH, A. 2021. Modelling the effects of Al₂O₃-SiO₂ nanocomposite additive in biodiesel–diesel fuel on diesel engine performance using hybrid ANN-ABC. In Acta Technologica Agriculturae, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 20–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2021-0004
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
KHODKAM, H. – POURDARBANI, R. – GHAEBI, H. – HERNANDEZ-HERNANDEZ, M. 2024. Investigating the environmental impacts of different approaches of agricultural waste management using ahp technique. In Acta Technologica Agriculturae, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 242–250. DOI: https://doi.10.2478/ata-2024-0032
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
KUMAR, M. – PANDA, K. P. – NAAYAGI, R. T. – THAKUR, R. – PANDA, G. 2023. Comprehensive review of electric vehicle technology and its impacts: Detailed investigation of charging infrastructure, power management, and control techniques. In Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 15, article no. 8919. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app13158919
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
LI, N. – LIU, B. – JIA, L. – YAN, D. – LI, J. 2023. Liquid biofuels for solid oxide fuel cells: A review. In Journal of Power Sources, vol. 556, article no. 232437. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232437
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
LIU, Y. – YUAN, Y. – RAMYA, G. – SINGH, S. M. – CHI, N. T. L. – PUGAZHENDHI, A. – XIA, C. – MATHIMANI, T. 2022. A review on the promising fuel of the future – biobutanol; the hindrances and future perspectives. In Fuel, vol. 327, article no. 125166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125166
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
LUO, Y. – WU, Y. – LI, B. – MO, T. – LI, Y. – FENG, S.-P. – QU, J. – CHU, P. K. 2021. Development and application of fuel cells in the automobile industry. In Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 42, article no. 103124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103124
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
MORAVVEJ, Z. – MAKAREM, M. A. – RAHIMPOUR, M. R. 2019. The fourth generation of biofuel. In BASILE, A. – DALENA, F. (ed.) Second and Third Generation of Feedstocks. The Evolution of Biofuels. Amsterdam : Elsevier, pp. 557–597. ISBN 978-0-12-815162-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-02722-2
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
MUNAGALA, M. – SHASTRI, Y. – NAGARAJAN, S. – RANADE, V. 2022. Production of Bio-CNG from sugarcane bagasse: Commercialization potential assessment in Indian context. In Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 188, part. A, article no. 115590. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115590
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
NG, C. W. X. – ZHANG, J. – TAY, S. E. R. 2020. A tropical case study quantifying solar irradiance collected on a car roof for vehicle integrated photovoltaics towards low-carbon cities. In 2020 47^th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). Calgary, Canada, pp. 2461–2464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300351
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
NUKUNUDOMPANICH, M. – SRIPRAPAI, D. – SONTIKAEW, S. 2022. Aspects of optical and thermal performances in flexible perovskite solar cells made of nanomaterials with potential for development of vehicle-integrated photovoltaics. In Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 66, part 6, pp. 3163–3167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.06.397
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
PADINJARETHIL, A. K. – BIANCHI, F. R. – BOSIO, B. – HAGEN, A. 2022. Degradation of Ni-YSZ and Ni-GDC fuel cells after 1000 h operation: Analysis of different overpotential contributions according to electrochemical and microstructural characterization. In E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 334, article no. 04011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233404011
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
REDDY, V. J. – HARIRAM, N. P. – MAITY, R. – GHAZALI, M. F. – KUMARASAMY, S. 2024. Sustainable vehicles for decarbonizing the transport sector: A comparison of biofuel, electric, fuel cell and solar-powered vehicles. In World Electric Vehicle Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, article no. 93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15030093
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
REKSOWARDOJO, I. K. – SETIAPRAJA, H. – MOKHTAR – YUBAIDAH, S. – MANSUR, D. – PUTRI, A. K. 2023. A study on utilization of high-ratio biodiesel and pure biodiesel in advanced vehicle technologies. In Energies, vol. 16, no. 2, article no. 718. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020718
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
REQUIA, W. J. – MOHAMED, M. – HIGGINS, C. D. – ARAIN, A. – FERGUSON, M. 2018. How clean are electric vehicles? Evidence-based review of the effects of electric mobility on air pollutants, greenhouse gas emissions and human health. In Atmospheric Environment, vol. 185, pp. 64–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.04.040
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
SCARLAT, N. – DALLEMAND, J.-F. 2019. Future role of bioenergy. In The Role of Bioenergy in the Bioeconomy. Resources, Technologies, Sustainability and Policy, pp. 435–547. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813056-8.00010-8
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
SUSSKIND, L. – CHUN, J. – GOLDBERG, S. – GORDON, J. A. – SMITH, G. – ZAERPOOR, Y. 2020. Breaking out of carbon lock-in: Malaysia’s path to decarbonization. In Frontiers in Built Environment, vol. 6, no. 21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2020.00021
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
TERNEL, C. – BOUTER, A. – MELGAR, J. 2021. Life cycle assessment of mid-range passenger cars powered by liquid and gaseous biofuels: Comparison with greenhouse gas emissions of electric vehicles and forecast to 2030. In Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol. 97, article no. 102897. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102897
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
THIEL, C. – AMILLO, A. G. – TANSINI, A. – TSAKALIDIS, A. – FONTARAS, G. – DUNLOP, E. – TAYLOR, N. – JÄGER-WALDAU, A. – ARAKI, K. – NISHIOKA, K. – OTA, Y. – YAMAGUCHI, M. 2022. Impact of climatic conditions on prospects for integrated photovoltaics in electric vehicles. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 158, article no. 112109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112109
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
VELVIZHI, G. – JACQUELINE, P. J. – SHETTI, N. P. – LATHA, K. – MOHANAKRISHNA, G. – AMINABHAVI, T. M. 2023. Emerging trends and advances in valorization of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels. In Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 345, article no. 118527.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
ZENTANI, A. – ALMAKTOOF, A. – KAHN, M. T. 2024. A comprehensive review of developments in electric vehicles fast charging technology. In Applied Sciences, vol. 14, no. 11, article no. 4728. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114728
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Selection of the Most Appropriate Vehicles with the Aim of Decarbonising the Transportation Sector Using AHP

Abstract

Paradigm

My account