Have a personal or library account? Click to login

Intestinal Gel Infusion Therapy in Advanced Parkinson’s Disease: Practical Insights and Real-World Experience

ARS Medica Tomitana
Volume 31 (2025): Issue 3 (August 2025)
By:
Open Access
|Oct 2025

References

  1. Schapira AHV, Emre M, Jenner P, Poewe W. Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(9):982–989.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  2. Antonini A, Jenner P. Apomorphine infusion in advanced Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14(11):693–694.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  3. Fernandez HH, Boyd JT, Fung VS, Lewitt PA, Burke JP, Stacy MA, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30(4):500–509.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  4. Olanow CW, Espay AJ, Stocchi F. Continuous dopamine-receptor stimulation in early Parkinson’s disease. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36(2):82–90.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  5. Senek M, Nyholm D. Population pharmacokinetics of levodopa, carbidopa, and entacapone following treatment with levodopa–entacapone–carbidopa intestinal gel in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2021;60(1):99–110.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  6. Viljaharju A, Suominen T, Leinonen H, Leino T, Brundin L, Nyholm D. Real-world patient and clinician experience with levodopa– entacapone–carbidopa intestinal gel (LECIG) in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2024;11(1):58–65.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  7. Nyholm D, Jost WH. Practical guidance for the initiation and titration of levodopa– entacapone–carbidopa intestinal gel (LECIG) in clinical practice. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2022;15:1–14.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  8. Nyholm D, Senek M, Leinonen M, Leino T, Bergquist F. Device design and patient usability for a novel portable pump delivering LECIG for advanced Parkinson’s disease. Neurol Ther. 2023;12(1):121–132.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  9. Szatmári S, Andone S, Stoian A, Vasilescu C, Mihăilă A, Popescu BO. LECIG in clinical practice: insights from Romanian experience. Pharmaceutics. 2024;16(2):210.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  10. Mueller C, Rajkumar AP, Bhattarai M, Stewart R, Lafortune L. Informal caregiving in Parkinson’s disease: the role of motor and non-motor symptoms. J Parkinsons Dis. 2020;10(4):1457–1466.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  11. Rizek P, Kumar N. Device-aided therapies in Parkinson’s disease: an overview. Can J Neurol Sci. 2021;48(1):10–20.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  12. Timpka J, Fox T, Fox K, Nilsson Remahl AI, Danielsson A, Lökk J, et al. Outcomes of deep brain stimulation versus LECIG in Parkinson’s disease: a matched cohort study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2023;108:15–21.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  13. Cabrera LY, Evans R, Hamilton R, Sidiropoulos C. Patient-centered outcomes in Parkinson’s disease: decision-making for advanced therapies. Neurology. 2022;98(8):340–349.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  14. Kulisevsky J, Pagonabarraga J. Cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: tools for diagnosis and impact on quality of life. Mov Disord. 2020;35(2):183–195.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  15. Svensson M, Bergquist F, Nyholm D. Non-motor symptom improvement with LECIG: Swedish real-world observations. Neurol Clin Pract. 2023;13(2):102–110.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  16. Arroyo S, Alonso A, Calleja P, et al. Patient education and training as key success factors in levodopa intestinal infusion. Eur J Neurol. 2019;26(6):866–872.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  17. Gyllensten H, Lundqvist C, Nyholm D. Cost-effectiveness of levodopa–entacapone– carbidopa intestinal gel in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Pharmacoeconomics. 2023;41(3):277–289.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  18. Garcia-Ptacek S, Garcia-Perez J, Wallerstedt SM. Economic impact of Parkinson’s-related complications: the value of stable dopamine replacement. J Parkinsons Dis. 2022;12(4):1315–1323.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  19. Bloem BR, Okun MS, Klein C. Parkinson’s disease. Lancet. 2021;397(10291):2284–2303.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  20. Espay AJ, Kalia LV, Gan-Or Z, Wagle Shukla A, Lang AE, Brundin P. Precision medicine in Parkinson’s disease: challenges and promise. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(11):1355–1363.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  21. Nyholm D, Nilsson Remahl AI, Aquilonius SM. Duodenal levodopa infusion in Parkinson disease: adverse events and their management. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008;14(8):545–552.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  22. Dafsari HS, Silverdale M, Rizos A, Martinez-Martin P, Visser-Vandewalle V, Deuschl G, et al. A practical algorithm for device-aided therapy in Parkinson’s disease: clinical experience and patient selection. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2021;128(3):337–349.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/arsm-2025-0011 | Journal eISSN: 1841-4036 | Journal ISSN: 1223-9666
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 72 - 77
Published on: Oct 14, 2025
Published by: Ovidius University of Constanta
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Parkinson’s disease,
treatment,
OFF period,
clinical experience,
patient,
therapeutic challenges
Related subjects:
Medicine,
Clinical medicine,
Clinical medicine, other

© 2025 Diana Marina Vranau, Any Axelerad, Ramona-Andreea Codreanu-Balaban, Radu Petrescu, Laurentiu Tony Hangan, published by Ovidius University of Constanta
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 31 (2025): Issue 3 (August 2025)Next article