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How reliable are AI-Assisted cephalometric programs in assessing measurements involving bilateral landmarks?

Australasian Orthodontic Journal
Volume 41 (2025): Issue 1 (January 2025)
By:
Open Access
|Jun 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Landmarks used in the study; Ar (Articulare): The point at the junction of the posterior border of the ramus and the inferior border of the posterior cranial base. Co (Condylion): The most superior point of the mandibular condyle. Gn (Gnathion): The most anterior and inferior point on the mandibular symphysis. Go (Gonion): The most posterior and inferior point on the angle of the mandible. Menton (Me): The most inferior point on the mandibular symphysis. Or (Orbitale): The most inferior point on the inferior margin of the orbit. Po (Porion): The superior-most point of the external auditory meatus. S (Sella): The centre of the sella turcica. (For the bilateral landmarks Ar, Co, Go, Or and Po, midpoints of the left and right images were used). Measurements used in the study; Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA): The angle between Frankfort horizontal plane (Po-Or) and mandibular plane (Go-Me). Articular angle: The angle formed by joining the points S, Ar and Go. Gonial angle: The angle formed by joining the points Ar, Go and Me. Effective mandibular length: The distance between the points Co and Gn.
Landmarks used in the study; Ar (Articulare): The point at the junction of the posterior border of the ramus and the inferior border of the posterior cranial base. Co (Condylion): The most superior point of the mandibular condyle. Gn (Gnathion): The most anterior and inferior point on the mandibular symphysis. Go (Gonion): The most posterior and inferior point on the angle of the mandible. Menton (Me): The most inferior point on the mandibular symphysis. Or (Orbitale): The most inferior point on the inferior margin of the orbit. Po (Porion): The superior-most point of the external auditory meatus. S (Sella): The centre of the sella turcica. (For the bilateral landmarks Ar, Co, Go, Or and Po, midpoints of the left and right images were used). Measurements used in the study; Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA): The angle between Frankfort horizontal plane (Po-Or) and mandibular plane (Go-Me). Articular angle: The angle formed by joining the points S, Ar and Go. Gonial angle: The angle formed by joining the points Ar, Go and Me. Effective mandibular length: The distance between the points Co and Gn.

Figure 2.

Cephalometric tracing of a study subject with analysis results on Webceph.
Cephalometric tracing of a study subject with analysis results on Webceph.

The descriptive statistics of the data used in the study

Methods nMinimumMaximumMeanStandard deviationMedian
WebcephArticular Angle (degree)51137.50161.20148.455.44147.90
Gonial Angle (degree)51108.00133.10122.725.73123.40
Effective Mandibular Length (mm)5198.50122.60108.956.36110.00
FMA (degree)5113.4043.0025.665.9625.50
Manual TracingArticular Angle (degree)51134163149.396.84150
Gonial Angle (degree)51100137119.817.16120
Effective Mandibular Length (mm)5197142113.298.72113
FMA (degree)51123725.965.5626.5

Comparison of the means of clinical measurements based on the programs used in the study

MethodsMeanStandard deviationTest statisticsp
Articular Angle (degree)Webceph148.455.44-0.770.444
Manual Tracing149.396.84
Gonial Angle (degree)Webceph122.725.732.260.026*
Manual Tracing119.817.16
Effective Mandibular Length (mm)Webceph108.956.36-2.870.005*
Manual Tracing113.298.73
FMA (degree)Webceph25.665.96-0.2610.794
Manual Tracing25.965.56

Test-retest and intraclass correlation coefficients for clinical measurements

Manual Tracing
WebcephArticular anglerho0.658
p0.000*
Gonial anglerho0.753
p0.000*
Effective Mandibular Lengthrho0.416
p0.002*
FMArho0.869
p0.000*
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoj-2025-0017 | Journal eISSN: 2207-7480 | Journal ISSN: 2207-7472
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Language: English
Page range: 123 - 129
Submitted on: Sep 1, 2024
Accepted on: Mar 1, 2025
Published on: Jun 19, 2025
Published by: Australian Society of Orthodontists Inc.
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 times per year
Related subjects:
Medicine,
Basic medical science,
Basic medical science, other

© 2025 Hakan Gurcan Gurel, Pinar Alkumru, Pavel Sectakof, published by Australian Society of Orthodontists Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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