Craniofacial parameters and their interrelationships: a comprehensive CBCT analysis of cranial, nasal, mandibular, and maxillary dimensions with sinus measurements

Dilara Nur Ür; Esra Çifçi Özkan; Berceste Polat Akmansoy

doi:10.2478/aoj-2025-0008

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Craniofacial parameters and their interrelationships: a comprehensive CBCT analysis of cranial, nasal, mandibular, and maxillary dimensions with sinus measurements

Australasian Orthodontic Journal

Volume 41 (2025): Issue 1 (January 2025)

By: Dilara Nur Ür, Esra Çifçi Özkan and Berceste Polat Akmansoy

Open Access

|Jun 2025

Figures & Tables

Two-dimensional measurements taken manually.

Hounsfield (HU) values were set to a minimum of -1024 HU and a maximum of -302 HU to visualise the frontal and maxillary sinuses.

Obtaining the volumes of the final sinuses in 3D after mask editing.

Table I.

Distribution and comparison of measurements by gender

	Mean.±S.D.(M.) (mm mm³)		Test statistics	p
	Female	Male	Test statistics	p
R MSH	31.86 ± 4.64 (31.8)	34.54 ± 3.89 (35.3)	-3.646	<0.001*
R MSW	26.47 ± 4.37 (26.6)	26.82 ± 4.2 (27.6)	-0.442†	0.659
R MSD	34.65 ± 5.05 (35.2)	36.11 ± 3.47 (36.6)	-2.042†	0.041*
L MSH	32.03 ± 4.38 (32.6)	35.16 ± 4.18 (35.4)	-4.250	<0.001*
L MSW	26.21 ± 4.05 (26)	26.53 ± 4.25 (26)	-0.442	0.659
L MSD	35.4 ± 3.37 (35.6)	36.08 ± 3.35 (36.1)	-1.189	0.236
R FSH	20.31 ± 6.12 (21.4)	19.71 ± 6.07 (20.6)	0.577	0.565
R FSW	21.77 ± 7.5 (22.05)	20.88 ± 8.17 (20.6)	0.663	0.509
R FSD	13.76 ± 4.42 (13.6)	13.72 ± 4.8 (12.9)	-0.209†	0.834
L FSH	19.84 ± 6.18 (21.05)	19.59 ± 4.88 (19.7)	-0.860†	0.390
L FSW	21.13 ± 8.60 (21.4)	22.38 ± 7.54 (22)	-0.902	0.369
L FSD	13.43 ± 4.39 (12.6)	14.47 ± 4.58 (14)	-1.355	0.178
EurR-EurL	139.05 ± 6.32 (138.8)	144.26 ± 6.31 (144.8)	-4.811	<0.001*
LnR-LnL	30.46 ± 2.19 (30.8)	34.47 ± 2.81 (34.7)	-7.493†	<0.001*
MxR-MxL	58.72 ± 3.33 (59)	60.59 ± 7.6 (61)	-4.078†	<0.001*
AgR-AgL	84.25 ± 3.97 (84.6)	86.81 ± 4.27 (86.4)	-3.615	<0.001*
R MS VOL	13520.4 ± 4254.22 (13322.5)	14006.1 ± 4383.01 (13687)	-1.010†	0.313
L MS VOL	13784.07 ± 4424.32 (13681)	16496.85 ± 15181.67 (14703.5)	-1.663†	0.096
FS VOL	4713.82 ± 2439.45 (4580)	5149.53 ± 2995.65 (4627.5)	-0.627†	0.531
MxR-MxL/AgR-AgL	69.77 ± 4.02 (69.8)	69.87 ± 8.71 (70.98)	-1.486†	0.137

1* p<0.05.

1† Mann–Whitney U test.

1 S.D., Standart Deviation.

Table II.

Distribution and comparison of measurements according to age and gender

	Mean.±S.D.(M.) (mm mm³)				Test statistics	p
	Old Female	Young Female	Old male	Young male	Test statistics	p
R MSH	30.54 ± 4.5 (30.6)	33.19 ± 4.46 (33.2)	34.28 ± 3.33 (34.6)	34.8 ± 4.41 (35.6)	6.922	<0.001 *
R MSW	25.51 ±4.69(25.4)	27.43 ± 3.86 (27.2)	26.03 ± 4.22 (26.4)	27.61 ± 4.1 (28.2)	5.236†	0.155
R MSD	34.87 ± 3.28 (35.4)	34.42 ± 6.4 (35.2)	35.4 ± 3.64 (35.4)	36.81 ± 3.19 (37.3)	8.098†	0.044*
L MSH	31.01 ±4.21 (31.5)	33.06 ± 4.38 (32.9)	35.34 ± 3.62 (35.6)	34.98 ± 4.73 (35.2)	19.217†	<0.001 *
L MSW	25.3 ±4.26(25)	27.13 ± 3.66 (27.1)	26.51 ±4.12 (25.6)	26.55 ± 4.45 (26.8)	3.534†	0.316
L MSD	35.29 ± 3.51 (35.6)	35.51 ± 3.28 (36.4)	36.1 ± 3.09 (35.8)	36.07 ± 3.63 (36.3)	0.489	0.690
R FSH	18.84 ± 6.5 (18.6)	21.79 ± 5.4 (22.8)	19.79 ± 5.63 (20.6)	19.62 ± 6.56 (20.1)	5.251†	0.154
R FSW	20.6 ± 8.4 (21.2)	22.94 ± 6.38 (23.4)	21.27 ± 8.03 (20.9)	20.49 ± 8.41 (20)	0.705	0.550
R FSD	12.99 ±4.52 (13.2)	14.56 ± 4.24 (14.4)	14.38 ± 5.62 (13.3)	13.05 ± 3.78 (12.7)	1.125	0.342
L FSH	18.09 ± 6.41 (19.6)	21.58 ± 5.5 (21.9)	19.34 ± 5.23 (19.9)	19.84 ± 4.56 (19)	2.380	0.073
L FSW	19.9 ± 8.44 (19.65)	22.36 ± 8.71 (22.2)	21.84 ± 8.21 (20.8)	22.92 ± 6.89 (22.6)	0.896	0.445
L FSD	12.4 ±4.45 (12.1)	14.45 ±4.15 (13.9)	14.72 ± 5.33 (13.8)	14.22 ± 3.74 (14)	1.894	0.134
EurR-EurL	139.84 ± 6.49 (139.2)	138.26 ± 6.13 (138.4)	145.42 ± 6.48 (146.4)	143.09 ± 6 (142.7)	8.940	<0.001 *
LnR-LnL	30.31 ± 2.2 (30.7)	30.61 ± 2.2 (30.8)	34.08 ± 2.36 (34)	34.87 ± 3.19 (35.2)	29.396	<0.001 *
MxR-MxL	58.3 ± 3.01 (58.8)	59.14 ± 3.61 (59)	60.55 ± 3.38 (60.6)	60.63 ± 10.28 (62)	20.234†	<0.001 *
AgR-AgL	85.26 ± 3.55 (85.6)	83.24 ± 4.15(83.1)	86.21 ± 4.63 (86.25)	87.41 ± 3.84 (86.6)	14.327†	0.002*
R MS VOL	12208.5 ± 3388.08 (12269)	14832.29 ±4660.44 (14185.5)	13345.24 ±4452.49 (13485.5)	14666.97 ± 4275.41 (13935)	7.868†	0.049*
L MS VOL	13018.71 ± 3979.72 (12716.5)	14549.44 ±4764.15 (14843.5)	17930.15 ± 21 135.2 (14460.5)	15063.56 ±41 25.58 (15646.5)	5.288†	0.152
FS VOL	4243 ± 2277.36 (3878.5)	5184.65 ± 2537.53 (4874.5)	4869.88 ± 2754.26 (4014)	5429.18 ± 3236.15 (5036.5)	3.203†	0.361
MxR-MxL/AgR-AgL	68.41 ± 3.12 (68.23)	71.13 ± 4.39(70.72)	70.35 ± 4.14 (69.66)	69.4 ±11.68 (72.01)	11.113	0.01 1 *

1* p<0.05.

1† Kruskal—Wallis test,

1 S.D., Standart Deviation.

Correlation between the frontal sinus volume a cranial parameters.

Correlation of right maxillary sinus volume with cranial parameters.

Correlation of left maxillary sinus volume with cranial parameters.

Table III.

Relationships between frontal sinus volume measurements and craniofacial measurements in female and male groups

		FemaleFS VOL (mm³)	MaleFS VOL (mm³)
EurR-EurL	r	0.111	-0.045
	p	0.369	0.717
LnR-LnL	r	0.206	0.254
	p	0.092	0.037*
MxR-MxL	r	0.304	0.001
	p	0.012*	0.991
AgR-AgL	r	0.113	0.036
	p	0.357	0.773
MxR-MxL/AgR-AgL	r	0.272	-0.089
	p	0.025*	0.470

1* p <0.05.

1 Pearson Correlation.

Table IV.

Relationships between maxillary sinus volume measurements and craniofacial measurements in female and male groups

		FemaleR MS VOL (mm³)	FemaleL MS VOL (mm³)	MaleR MS VOL (mm³)	MaleL MS VOL (mm³)
EurR-EurL	r	-0.022	0.004	-0.070	0.082
	p	0.859	0.973	0.571	0.506
LnR-LnL	r	-0.182	-0.195	-0.099	-0.206
	p	0.137	0.111	0.421	0.093
MxR-MxL	r	0.472	0.464	0.116	0.141
	p	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.348	0.250
AgR-AgL	r	-0.070**	-0.006**	-0.225	-0.162
	p	0.570	0.962	0.065	0.186
MxR-MxL/AgR-AgL	r	0.582	0.496	0.312	0.272
	p	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.012*	0.025*

1* p<0.05.

1** Pearson Correlation.

References

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoj-2025-0008 | Journal eISSN: 2207-7480 | Journal ISSN: 2207-7472

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Language: English

Page range: 112 - 122

Submitted on: Jan 1, 2025

Accepted on: Mar 1, 2025

Published on: Jun 3, 2025

Published by: Australian Society of Orthodontists Inc.

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Related subjects:

Medicine,

Basic medical science,

Basic medical science, other

© 2025 Dilara Nur Ür, Esra Çifçi Özkan, Berceste Polat Akmansoy, published by Australian Society of Orthodontists Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 41 (2025): Issue 1 (January 2025)

Craniofacial parameters and their interrelationships: a comprehensive CBCT analysis of cranial, nasal, mandibular, and maxillary dimensions with sinus measurements

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Table I.

Table II.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Table III.

Table IV.

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