Multidimensional tooth movement boundaries in the extended aesthetic zone: a cone-beam computed tomography study

Zhang, Ruoyan; Li, Linyi; Lu, Zhiyao; Song, Zhixin; Fan, Xinyue; Xu, Jianing; Zhang, Xu; Jin, Zuolin; Ma, Yanning

doi:10.2478/aoj-2024-0004

Figures & Tables

The cephalometric measurements used in this study. (1) SNMP; (2) S-Go/N-Me (a/b).

(A) Axial plane; (B) Sagittal plane; (C) Coronal plane.

(A) Measurements at the apex section of the anterior teeth; (B) A schematic diagram showing measurements in the sagittal plane: (a, b) labial CBT at the 1/3 root section (close to the CEJ); (c, d) lingual CBT at the 1/3 root section (close to the CEJ); (e, f) labial CBT at the 2/3 root section; (g, h) lingual CBT at the 2/3 root section; arc L1: labial CBT at apex section; arc L2: lingual CBT at apex section; h1: lingual ABH; h2: labial ABH. (C) Measurements in the coronal plane. h3: distal ABH; h4: mesial ABH. CBT, cancellous bone thickness; ABH, alveolar bone height.

Distribution of cancellous bone thickness in the maxillary/mandibular alveolar bone. U: upper jaws; L: lower jaws; 1: central incisors; 2: lateral incisors; 3: canine teeth; 4: first premolar teeth; 5: second premolar teeth; LA_1: labial cancellous bone thickness at the 1/3 root section (close to the CEJ) of central incisors; LA_2: labial cancellous bone thickness at the 2/3 root section; LA_3: labial cancellous bone thickness at root apex; LL_1: lingual cancellous bone thickness at the 1/3 root section (close to the CEJ); LL_2: lingual cancellous bone thickness at the 2/3 root section; LL_3: lingual cancellous bone thickness at root apex.

Mandibular cancellous alveolar bone thickness after merging the left and right teeth

	Labial			Lingual
	LA_1	LA_2	LA_3	LL_1	LL_2	LL_3
Central incisor	0 (0)^*	0 (0.64)^*	2.19 (1.1)	0 (0)	0.68 (1.01)	2.22 (1.17)
Lateral incisor	0 (0)^*	0 (0)^*	2.18 ± 1.84^*	0 (0.53)	0.82 (1.16)	2.53 (1.16)
Canine	0 (0)^*	0 (0.73)^*	2.78 ± 2.20^*	0.65 (0.96)	1.4 (1.1)	4.02 ± 2.80
First premolar	0 (0)^*	0.38 (0.8)^*	2.38 ± 1.97^*	0.59 (0.95)	2.18 ± 1.98	4.53 ± 2.77
Second premolar	0 (0.62)^*	0.86 (0.53)^*	2.71 ± 2.04^*	0.93 (0.97)	2.67 ± 2.27	4.79 ± 2.92

Maxillary alveolar bone height after merging the left and right teeth

	LA_h	LL_h	M_h	D_h
Central incisor	10.22 ± 3.48^*	10.51 ± 3.34	12.59 ± 3.76	12.29 ± 3.57
Lateral incisor	11.04 ± 2.86	10.90 ± 2.98	12.82 ± 3.04	12.15 ± 2.97
Canine	13.78 ± 4.19^*	14.48 ± 4.32	16.41 ± 4.16	14.73 ± 3.67
First premolar	10.03 ± 3.59^*	10.53 ± 3.52	11.75 ± 3.77	11.51 ± 3.36
Second premolar	10.36 ± 4.01	10.33 ± 4.22	11.68 ± 4.13	10.48 ± 4.39

Mandibular alveolar bone height after merging the left and right teeth

	LA_h	LL_h	M_h	D_h
Central incisor	9.72 ± 2.95^*	9.34 ± 2.60	10.84 ± 2.44	10.83 ± 2.44
Lateral incisor	10.88 ± 3.42^*	10.37 ± 3.41	11.98 ± 2.73	11.65 ± 2.65
Canine	13.18 ± 4.76^*	13.68 ± 4.27	15.45 ± 4.25	14.31 ± 4.19
First premolar	12.26 ± 3.87	12.37 ± 3.63	12.88 ± 3.29	12.55 ± 3.30
Second premolar	12.10 ± 4.03	12.11 ± 3.89	12.78 ± 3.93	12.33 ± 3.77

Cancellous bone thickness of the maxilla and mandible of individuals with different vertical skeletal patterns

Alveolar bone thickness
Measurement	Hypodivergent	Normodivergent	P-value
U1LA_3	1.10 (1.61)	0.51 (1.45)	0.031*
U2LA_3	0.93 (1.66)	0.00 (0.89)	0.001*
U3LA_3	1.03 (1.58)	0.00 (0.99)	0.001*
U4LA_3	1.33 (1.22)	0.00 (1.31)	0.000*
U5LA_3	2.73 (1.55)	2.1 (1.49)	0.000*
U1LL_3	6.60±1.91	5.97±1.49	0.047*
U2LL_3	5.66±1.52	5.57±1.50	0.734
U3LL_3	8.62±1.85	7.70±1.76	0.006*
U4LL_3	6.67±2.54	5.57±2.40	0.015*
U5LL_3	7.35±3.15	6.16±2.43	0.021*
L1LA_3	2.32 (1.35)	1.99 (0.91)	0.015*
L2LA_3	2.48±0.98	1.87±0.80	0.000*
L3LA_3	3.17±1.11	2.44±0.97	0.000*
L4LA_3	2.69±1.01	2.10±0.92	0.001*
L5LA_3	2.92±1.23	2.50±0.93	0.028*
L1LL_3	2.48 (1.27)	2.04 (0.98)	0.011*
L2LL_3	2.69 (1.33)	2.44 (1.23)	0.168
L3LL_3	4.07±1.32	4.00±1.56	0.154
L4LL_3	4.53±1.31	4.57±1.41	0.872
L5LL_3	4.67±1.46	4.90±1.50	0.392

Alveolar bone height of the maxilla and mandible of individuals with different vertical skeletal patterns

Alveolar bone height				Alveolar bone height
Measurement	Hypodivergent	Normodivergent	P-value	Measurement	Hypodivergent	Normodivergent	P-value
U1LA_h	10.49 ± 1.73	9.95 ± 1.84	0.099	L1LA_h	9.88 ± 1.55	9.49 ± 1.41	0.148
U1LL_h	10.64 ± 1.65	10.36 ± 1.76	0.373	L1LL_h	9.41 ± 1.38	9.18 ± 1.21	0.315
U1M_h	12.64 ± 2.11	12.53 ± 1.76	0.741	L1M_h	10.83 ± 1.35	10.80 ± 1.13	0.914
U1D_h	12.43 ± 1.89	12.13 ± 1.78	0.363	L1D_h	10.83 ± 1.30	10.77 ± 1.17	0.772
U2LA_h	11.33 ± 1.41	10.78 ± 1.43	0.035*	L2LA_h	11.04 ± 1.53	10.67 ± 1.89	0.228
U2LL_h	11.19 ± 1.56	10.67 ± 1.41	0.059	L2LL_h	10.51 ± 1.70	10.18 ± 1.69	0.297
U2M_h	13.07 ± 1.58	12.65 ± 1.49	0.132	L2M_h	12.03 ± 1.59	11.89 ± 1.11	0.581
U2D_h	12.47 ± 1.57	11.87 ± 1.40	0.028*	L2D_h	11.75 ± 1.55	11.52 ± 1.03	0.338
U3LA_h	14.19 ± 2.13	13.35 ± 2.12	0.031*	L3LA_h	13.39 ± 2.29	12.97 ± 2.52	0.337
U3LL_h	14.87 ± 2.15	14.05 ± 2.25	0.042*	L3LL_h	13.70 ± 2.28	13.65 ± 2.09	0.900
U3M_h	16.70 ± 2.09	16.05 ± 2.15	0.095	L3M_h	15.43 ± 2.13	15.49 ± 2.20	0.891
U3D_h	14.85 ± 1.78	14.53 ± 1.94	0.350	L3D_h	14.26 ± 2.04	14.39 ± 2.17	0.746
U4LA_h	10.23 ± 1.91	9.72 ± 1.71	0.121	L4LA_h	12.31 ± 2.11	12.16 ± 1.79	0.676
U4LL_h	10.47 ± 1.86	10.53 ± 1.75	0.850	L4LL_h	12.60 ± 2.01	12.06 ± 1.63	0.107
U4M_h	11.89 ± 1.81	11.51 ± 2.06	0.279	L4M_h	13.02 ± 1.79	12.63 ± 1.52	0.207
U4D_h	11.69 ± 1.82	11.24 ± 1.61	0.154	L4D_h	12.77 ± 1.74	12.22 ± 1.57	0.067
U5LA_h	10.71 ± 2.02	9.82 ± 1.94	0.015*	L5LA_h	12.19 ± 2.29	11.88 ± 1.72	0.404
U5LL_h	10.68 ± 2.12	9.85 ± 2.14	0.034*	L5LL_h	12.18 ± 2.10	11.97 ± 1.85	0.564
U5M_h	11.93 ± 2.28	11.29 ± 1.89	0.092	L5M_h	12.77 ± 1.94	12.64 ± 2.05	0.716
U5D_h	10.68 ± 2.53	10.13 ± 1.88	0.176	L5D_h	12.35 ± 1.85	12.22 ± 2.00	0.717

Maxillary cancellous alveolar bone thickness after merging the left and right teeth

	Labial			Lingual
	LA_1	LA_2	LA_3	LL_1	LL_2	LL_3
Central incisor	0 (0)^*	0 (0)^*	0.93 (1.55)^*	1.16 (0.91)	2.99 (1 .43)	6.29 ± 3.36
Lateral incisor	0 (0)^*	0 (0)^*	0 (1.29)^*	0.87 (0.79)	2.53 (1.63)	5.60 ± 2.93
Canine	0 (0)^*	0 (0)^*	0 (1.38)^*	1.4 (1.59)	4.28 ± 3.40	8.15 ± 3.59
First premolar	0 (0.76)^*	0 (0.74)^*	1.11 (1.55)^*	0.70 (1.06)	1.8 (1.46)	6.16 ± 4.90
Second premolar	1.28 (1.08)^*	1.38 (0.99)^*	2.5 (1.73)^*	1.04 (1.26)	2.38 (1.82)	6.85 ± 5.64

Comparison of alveolar bone thickness between two prevalent vertical skeletal patterns in individuals with normal occlusion with existing literature

	Region	Section	Classification	n	P-value (Labial/Lingual)
Gaffuri^[29]	Incisors & Canines	Apex	Normodivergent	10	NS
			Hypodivergent	10
Dalaie^[17]	Central incisors	9mm^#	Normodivergent	\	U: NS / NS
			Hypodivergent	\	L: Hpo>N^* / Hpo<N^*
Casanova-Sarmiento^[19]	Mandibular central incisors	Apex	Normodivergent	44	Hpo>N^***
			Hypodivergent	48
Sadek^[18]	All teeth	Apex	Normodivergent	17	U2: NS / Hpo>N^*
					U3: NS / Hpo>N**
			Hypodivergent	15	L4: Hpo>N^** / NS
					else: NS
Li^[33]	Incisors & canines	5mm^#	Normodivergent	46	U1: NS / NS
					U2: NS / Hpo>N*
					U3: NS / Hpo>N*
			Hypodivergent	45	L1: Hpo>N* / Hpo>N^***
					L2: NS / Hpo>N^***
					L3: NS / Hpo>N^**

Multidimensional tooth movement boundaries in the extended aesthetic zone: a cone-beam computed tomography study

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Mandibular cancellous alveolar bone thickness after merging the left and right teeth

Maxillary alveolar bone height after merging the left and right teeth

Mandibular alveolar bone height after merging the left and right teeth

Cancellous bone thickness of the maxilla and mandible of individuals with different vertical skeletal patterns

Alveolar bone height of the maxilla and mandible of individuals with different vertical skeletal patterns

Maxillary cancellous alveolar bone thickness after merging the left and right teeth

Comparison of alveolar bone thickness between two prevalent vertical skeletal patterns in individuals with normal occlusion with existing literature

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