Aesthetic perception of gingival display on smiling among laypeople seeking dental treatment

Jonathan Jun Xian Yuen; Zhi Kuan Saw; Asma Ashari; May Nak Lau; Nik Mukhriz Nik Mustapha; Elavarasi Kuppusamy; Jothi Raamahlingam Rajaran

doi:10.2478/aoj-2023-0036

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Aesthetic perception of gingival display on smiling among laypeople seeking dental treatment

Australasian Orthodontic Journal

Volume 39 (2023): Issue 2 (July 2023)

By: Jonathan Jun Xian Yuen, Zhi Kuan Saw, Asma Ashari, May Nak Lau, Nik Mukhriz Nik Mustapha, Elavarasi Kuppusamy and Jothi Raamahlingam Rajaran

Open Access

|Feb 2024

Figures & Tables

Table I.

Demographic distribution of the subjects

Demographic	Category	Frequency (n = 117)	Percentage
Gender	Male	47	40.1
	Female	70	59.9
Age	18–30 years old	32	27.4
	31–49 years old	55	47.0
	≥ 50 years old	30	25.6
Ethnicity	Malay	81	69.2
	Chinese	21	17.9
	Indian	12	10.3
	Others	3	2.6

Table II.

Median scores for each level of gingival display for all the subjects

Gingival display	Median
-4 mm	4.0
-2 mm	6.0
0 mm	5.0
+2 mm	5.0
+4 mm	5.0
P value	<0.001*

1 Friedman test between levels of gingival display.

1* Statistically significant differences.

Table III.

Median of the scores considering different genders and levels of gingival display

Gingival display	Male	Female	P-value
-4 mm	5.0	4.0	0.017*
-2 mm	6.0	5.0	0.088
0 mm	5.0	5.0	0.027*
+2 mm	6.0	5.0	0.006*
+4 mm	5.0	5.0	0.383
P value	<0.001^†	<0.001^†

1 Kruskal–Wallis test between genders, Friedman test between levels of gingival displays within each gender group; P < 0.05.

1* Statistically significant differences between genders.

1† Statistically significant differences between levels of gingival display.

Table IV.

Median of the scores considering different age groups and levels of gingival display

Gingival display	18 – 30	31 – 49	≥ 50	P value
-4 mm	5.00	4.00	5.00	0.087
-2 mm	6.00	6.00	5.50	0.256
0 mm	6.00	5.00	5.00	0.119
+2 mm	6.00	5.00	6.00	0.037*
+4 mm	5.00	5.00	5.00	0.220
P value	0.011^†	<0.001^†	0.204

1 Kruskal–Wallis test between age groups, Friedman test between levels of gingival displays within age groups; P < 0.05.

1* Statistically significant differences between age groups.

1† Statistically significant differences between levels of gingival display.

Table V.

Median of the scores considering different ethnicity groups and levels of gingival display

Gingival display	Malay	Chinese	Indian	Others	P-value
-4 mm	4.00	6.00	4.50	4.00	0.245
-2 mm	6.00	6.00	4.50	4.00	0.039*
0 mm	5.00	6.00	5.00	4.00	0.257
+2 mm	5.00	6.00	5.50	4.00	0.316
+4 mm	5.00	6.00	4.50	3.00	0.072
P value	<0.001^†	0.018^†	0.661	0.034^†

1 Kruskal–Wallis test between ethnic groups, Friedman test between levels of gingival displays within ethnic groups; P < 0.05.

1* Statistically significant differences between ethnicity.

1† Statistically significant differences between levels of gingival display.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoj-2023-0036 | Journal eISSN: 2207-7480 | Journal ISSN: 2207-7472

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Language: English

Page range: 136 - 144

Submitted on: Aug 1, 2023

Accepted on: Nov 1, 2023

Published on: Feb 5, 2024

Published by: Australian Society of Orthodontists Inc.

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Related subjects:

Medicine,

Basic medical science,

Basic medical science, other

© 2024 Jonathan Jun Xian Yuen, Zhi Kuan Saw, Asma Ashari, May Nak Lau, Nik Mukhriz Nik Mustapha, Elavarasi Kuppusamy, Jothi Raamahlingam Rajaran, published by Australian Society of Orthodontists Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 39 (2023): Issue 2 (July 2023)

Aesthetic perception of gingival display on smiling among laypeople seeking dental treatment

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Table I.

Table II.

Table III.

Table IV.

Table V.

Paradigm

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