Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Results of craniofacial morphological measurements in groups T and C
| Treatment group (T) | Control group (C) | Two-way ANOVA | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measurement | Time | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Group×Time | Group | Time |
| SNA (°) | T0 | 81.6 | 4.3 | 81.0 | 3.7 | NS | NS | <0.05 |
| T1 | 82.2 | 3.5 | 81.6 | 3.0 | ||||
| SNB (°) | T0 | 75.4 | 3.0 | 77.7 | 3.1 | <0.05 | T0: <0.05 | T: <0.01 |
| T1 | 77.7 | 3.0 | 78.8 | 3.1 | T1: NS | C:<0.01 | ||
| ANB (°) | T0 | 6.2 | 2.3 | 3.3 | 1.6 | <0.05 | T0: <0.01 | T: <0.01 |
| T1 | 4.5 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 1.6 | T1: <0.05 | C: NS | ||
| Hi-VR (mm) | T0 | 9.1 | 5.8 | 8.8 | 5.4 | NS | NS | NS |
| T1 | 10.5 | 6.5 | 10.1 | 6.3 | ||||
| Hi-HR (mm) | T0 | 87.4 | 6.9 | 88.9 | 8.4 | NS | NS | <0.05 |
| T1 | 97.9 | 7.2 | 97.1 | 7.8 | ||||
| SN-OPT (°) | T0 | 100.2 | 8.7 | 102.2 | 7.1 | NS | NS | NS |
| T1 | 101.0 | 8.0 | 101.3 | 8.1 | ||||
| SN-CVT (°) | T0 | 106.5 | 8.4 | 107.0 | 6.3 | NS | NS | NS |
| T1 | 108.7 | 7.3 | 108.1 | 6.6 | ||||
Changes in measurements of phaiyngeal airway (T1–T0) in Groups T and C
| Treatment | Control | ||||
| Measurement | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Significance |
| PNS-R (mm) | 3.8 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.0 | NS |
| PNS-PPW1 (mm) | 2.0 | 3.1 | 1.6 | 2.3 | NS |
| P-PPW2 (mm) | 2.1 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 3.5 | <0.05 |
| APW3-PPW3 (mm) | 2.5 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 3.4 | <0.05 |
| Nasopharyngeal area (mm2) | 70.4 | 57.0 | 49.5 | 49.0 | NS |
| Oropharyngeal area (mm2) | 60.3 | 57.6 | 47.4 | 43.7 | NS |
| Hypopharyngeal area (mm2) | 106.3 | 111.6 | 33.1 | 93.2 | <0.05 |
Definitions of measurements
| Measurement | Figure 1 | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| SNA (°) | 1 | Prognathism of the maxillary alveolar bone, angle formed by S, N, and A |
| SNB (°) | 2 | Prognathism of the mandibular alveolar bone, angle formed by S, N, and B |
| ANB (°) | 3 | Sagittal jaw relationship angle, angle formed by A, N, and B |
| Hi-VR (mm) | 4 | Horizontal position of the hyoid bone, distance from Hi to VR |
| Hi-HR (mm) | 5 | Vertical position of the hyoid bone, distance from Hi to HR |
| SN-OPT (°) | 6 | Odontoid process angulation, angle formed by SN and OPT |
| SN-CVT (°) | 7 | Cervical vertebrae angulation, angle formed by SN and CVT |
| Figure 2 | ||
| PNS-R (mm) | 8 | Length of upper nasopharyngeal airway, distance from PNS to R |
| PNS-PPW1 (mm) | 9 | Length of lower nasopharyngeal airway, distance from PNS to PPW1 |
| P-PPW2 (mm) | 10 | Length of lower oropharyngeal airway, distance from P to PPW2 |
| APW3-PPW3 (mm) | 11 | Length of lower hypopharyngeal airway, distance from P to PPW3 |
| Nasopharyngeal (mm2) | 12 | Area of nasopharyngeal airway, airway area PNS-R and PNS-PPW1 line |
| Oropharyngeal (mm2) | 13 | Area of oropharyngeal airway, airway area PNS-PPW1 and P-PPW2 line |
| Hypopharyngeal (mm2) | 14 | Area of nasopharyngeal airway, airway area P-PPW2 and Cv3-PPW3 line |
Changes in measurements of craniofacial morphology (T1-T0) in groups T and C
| Treatment | Control | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measurement | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Significance |
| SNA (°) | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 1.5 | NS |
| SNB (°) | 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 1.6 | <0.05 |
| ANB (°) | –1.7 | 1.5 | –0.5 | 1.4 | <0.05 |
| Hi-VR (mm) | 1.4 | 5.6 | 1.3 | 4.3 | NS |
| Hi-HR (mm) | 10.5 | 6.7 | 8.2 | 6.9 | NS |
| SN-OPT (°) | 1.2 | 5.3 | –0.9 | 5.3 | NS |
| SN-CVT (°) | 3.0 | 6.2 | 0.9 | 6.7 | NS |
Results of phaiyngeal airway measurements in groups T and C
| Treatment | Control | Two-way ANOVA | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measurement | Time | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Group×Time | Group | Time |
| PNS-R (mm) | T0 | 42.7 | 2.9 | 42.8 | 2.9 | NS | NS | <0.05 |
| T1 | 46.5 | 3.6 | 45.5 | 3.2 | ||||
| PNS-PPW1 (mm) | T0 | 22.4 | 3.9 | 22.2 | 2.9 | NS | NS | <0.05 |
| T1 | 24.3 | 4.6 | 23.8 | 2.7 | ||||
| P-PPW2 (mm) | T0 | 10.4 | 2.4 | 12.5 | 3.3 | <0.05 | T0: <0.05 | T: <0.01 |
| T1 | 12.5 | 3.3 | 12.6 | 2.7 | T1: NS | C: NS | ||
| APW3-PPW3 (mm) | T0 | 9.4 | 2.5 | 11.0 | 2.3 | <0.05 | T0: <0.05 | T: <0.01 |
| T1 | 11.9 | 2.8 | 11.6 | 3.4 | T1: NS | C: NS | ||
| Nasopharyngeal area (mm2) | T0 | 167.9 | 79.2 | 185.7 | 56.1 | NS | NS | <0.05 |
| T1 | 238.3 | 92.3 | 235.2 | 79.2 | ||||
| Oropharyngeal area (mm2) | T0 | 165.2 | 39.1 | 184.4 | 49.3 | NS | NS | <0.05 |
| T1 | 225.4 | 63.7 | 231.8 | 47.3 | ||||
| Hypopharyngeal area (mm2) | T0 | 248.9 | 104.6 | 337.4 | 90.6 | <0.05 | T0: <0.05 | T: <0.01 |
| T1 | 355.2 | 105.4 | 370.5 | 113.4 | T1: NS | C: NS | ||
Mean ages at T0 and T1 and mean treatment/observation time
| Treatment group | Control group | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | Both sexes | Male | Female | Both sexes | |||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Age at T0 | 10y3m | 1y5m | 10y0m | 2y1m | 10y1m | 1y9m | 9y9m | 1y5m | 9y8m | 1y6m | 9y8m | 1y5m |
| Age at T1 | 13y10m | 1y7m | 13y10m | 1y5m | 13y10m | 1y5m | 13y5m | 1y3m | 13y5m | 1y3m | 13y5m | 1y6m |
| Treatment/observation time | 3y7m | 0y11m | 3y10m | 1y4m | 3y8m | 1y2m | 3y8m | 1y5m | 3y9m | 1y5m | 3y9m | 1y4m |
Definitions of the reference points and lines used
| Definition | |
|---|---|
| Reference point | |
| S | Sella turcica |
| N | Nasion |
| A | Subspinale |
| B | Supramentale |
| PNS | Posterior nasal spine |
| P | Tip of the soft plate |
| R | Midpoint of the distance between S and PNS |
| Cv3 | Anteroinferior point of the third cervical vertebra |
| PPW1 | Intersection of the posterior pharyngeal wall and the line parallel to HR through PNS |
| PPW2 | Intersection of the posterior pharyngeal wall and the line parallel to HR through P |
| PPW3 | Intersection of the posterior pharyngeal wall and the line parallel to HR through Cv3 |
| APW3 | Intersection of the anterior pharyngeal wall and the line parallel to HR through Cv3 |
| Hi | Anterior point of the hyoid bone |
| Reference lines | |
| SN | S-N plane, line thorough S and N |
| HR | Horizontal reference plane, line 7° to S-N plane |
| VR | Vertical reference plane, line perpendicular to HR through S |
| CVT | Cervical vertebrae tangent, tangential line along the cervical vertebrae |
| OPT | Odontoid process tangent, tangential line along the cervical vertebrae |