Table I.
The search engines included keywords, date of searches and data retrieved.
| Search Engines | Keywords | Date | Results | Internal duplicates | External duplicates | Exclusion by title | Exclusion by abstract | Exclusion by full text | Final |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Science Direct | ((“Orthodontics” OR “Camouflage”) AND (“Surgery” OR “Orthognathic Surgery” OR “Dental Decompensation”) AND (“Class III” OR “Angle Class III” OR “Skeletal Class III” OR “Class III malocclusion”)) | 18.09.2021 | 3842 | 121 | 0 | 3711 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
| PUBMED | Same as above | 18.09.2021 | 1333 | 2 | 403 | 919 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
| Ovid | (Orthodontics or Camouflage) and (Surgery or Orthognathic Surgery or Dental Decompensation) and (Class III or Angle Class III or Skeletal Class III or Class III malocclusion) | 18.09.2021 | 648 | 1 | 647 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Web of Science | Same as above | 18.09.2021 | 371 | 1 | 281 | 88 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Scopus | Same as above | 18.09.2021 | 6839 | 11 | 1947 | 4880 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| OpenGrey | [(“Orthodontics” OR “Camouflage” OR “Orthodontic Camouflage”) AND (“Surgery” OR “Orthognathic Surgery” OR “Dental Decompensation”) AND (“Class III” OR “Angle Class III” OR “Skeletal Class III” OR “Class III malocclusion”)] | 18.09.2021 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 13033 | 136 | 3278 | 9598 | 9 | 6 | 6 |
Figure 1.
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow diagram of the included studies.
Table II.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Study design | Study setting | Participants | Mean age | Gender |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stellzig-Eisenhauer, Lux and Schuster 200214 | Retrospective study | Departments of Orthodontics of the Universities of Frankfurt, Heidelberg, and Würzburg, Germany. | Total sample: 175 CG: 87 SG: 88 | Overall: NA CG: NA SG: NA *Sample of adult patient | Overall: M: 82; F: 93 |
| Eslami et al. 201815 | Retrospective study | Private practice orthodontic office in Iran | Total sample: 65 CG: 36 SG: 29 | Overall: NA CG: 23.5 ± 4.8, SG: 24.8 ± 3.1 | Overall: M: 27; F: 38 CS: M: 15; F: 21 SG: M: 12; F: 17 |
| Benyahia et al. 201121 | Retrospective study | Orthodontics unit at the CHIS dental consultation and treatment center in Rabat, Morocco, and the Clairval CHP maxillofacial and esthetic clinic in Marseille, France | Total sample: 47 CG: 22 SG: 25 | Overall: NA CG: NA SG: NA *Sample of adult patient | Overall: NA CG: NA SG: NA |
| Kochel et al. 201122 | Retrospective study | Department of Orthodontics of the University of Wuerzburg in Germany and from 7 cooperative private practices | Total sample: 69 CG: 28 SG: 41 | Overall: NA CG: Mean 27.6, Median 23.6 SG: Mean 26.3, Median 24.2 | Overall: NA CG: NA SG: NA |
| Tseng et al. 201123 | Retrospective study | Taiwan | Total sample: 80 CG: 40 SG: 40 | Overall: 23 years range, 18–34 | Overall: M: 40; F: 40 |
| Watanabe et al. 202024 | Retrospective study | Brazil | Total sample: 60 CG: 30 SG: 30 | Overall: NA CG: 18.5 ± 4.4 SG: 20.1 ± 2.4 | Overall: M: 29; F: 31 CS: M: 13; F: 17 SG: M: 16; F: 14 |
Table III.
Risk of bias of included studies.
| Author and year | Study design | Setting | Participants criteria | Sample size | Variable description | Outcome measurement | Statistical test | Total score | Quality of the studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stellzig-Eisenhauer, Lux and Schuster 200214 | √ | X | √ | X | √ | √ | √ | 5 | Moderate |
| Eslami et al. 201815 | √ | √ | √ | X | √ | √ | √ | 6 | High |
| Benyahia et al. 201121 | X | X | √ | X | √ | √ | √ | 4 | Moderate |
| Kochel et al. 201122 | X | X | √ | X | √ | √ | √ | 4 | Moderate |
| Tseng et al. 201123 | √ | X | √ | X | √ | √ | √ | 5 | Moderate |
| Watanabe et al. 202024 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 | High |
Table IV.
Cephalometric cut off values for Class III camouflage or surgery.
| Measurement Study | Holdaway angle | 1) Wits appraisal, (2) M/M ratio, (3) saddle angle, and (4) mand MLD | Overjet | Wits appraisal | L1-MP angle | Mx/Mn ratio | Overbite | Gonial angle | (1) Wits appraisal, (2) length of the anterior cranial base, (3) maxillary/mandibular (M/M) ratio, and (4) lower gonial angle. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stellzig-Eisenhauer et al. 200214 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | The critical score was -0.023 (above can be treated by camouflage-below can treated by surgery) (score = -1.805 + 0.209 · Wits + 0.044 · S-N + 5.689 · M/M ratio - 0.056 · Golower) |
| Eslami et al. 201815 | 10.3° (above can be treated by camouflage-below can treated by surgery) | NA | NA | ≤-5.8 mm (treated by surgery) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Benyahia et al. 201121 | 7.2° (above can be treated by camouflage-below can treated by surgery) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Kochel et al. 201122 | NA | The critical score was 0.251 (above can be treated by camouflage-below can treated by surgery) (score = –10.988 + 0.243 · Wits + 0.055 · M/M ratio + 0.068 · NSAr – 0.589 · mand MLD) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Tseng et al. 201123 | NA | NA | ≤-4.73 mm (treated by surgery) | ≤-11.18 mm (treated by surgery) | ≤80.8° (treated by surgery) | ≤65.9% (treated by surgery) | ≤-0.18 mm (treated by surgery) | ≥120.8° (treated by surgery) | NA |