References
- Miura F, Mogi M, Ohura Y, Karibe M. The superelastic Japanese NiTi alloy wire for use in orthodontics. Part III. Studies on the Japanese NiTi alloy coil spring. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1988;94:89–96.
- Melsen B, Topp LF, Melsen HM, Terp S. Force systems developed from closed coil springs. Eur J Orthod 1994;16: 531–9.
- Manhartsberger C, Seidenbusch W. Force delivery of Ni-Ti coil springs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1996;109: 8–21.
- Tripolt H, Burstone CJ, Bantleon P, Masnschiebel W. Force characteristics of nickel-titanium tension coil springs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999;115:498–507.
- Andreasen GF, Bishara S. Comparison of alastik chains with elastics involved with intra-arch molar to molar forces. Angle Orthod 1970;40:151–8.
- Wong AK. Orthodontic elastic materials. Angle Orthod 1976;46:196–205.
- De Genova DC, McInnes-Ledoux P, Weiberg R, Shayne R. Force degradation of orthodontic elastomeric chain: a product comparison study. Am J Orthod 1985;87:377–84.
- Samuels RH, Rudge SJ, Mair LH. A comparison of the rate of space closure using a nickel-titanium spring and an elastic module: a clinical study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1993;103:464–7.
- Sonis AL. Comparison of NiTi coil springs vs elastics in canine retraction. J Clin Orthod 1994;28:293–5.
- Samuels RH, Rudge SJ, Mair LH. A clinical study of space closure with nickel-titanium coil spring and an elastic module. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998;114:73–9.
- Dixon V, Read MJF, O’Brien KD, Worthington HV, Mandall NA. A randomized clinical trial to compare three methods of orthodontic space closure. J Orthod 2002;29: 31–6.
- Storey E, Smith R. Force in orthodontics and its relation to tooth movement. Aust Dent J 1952;56:11–13.
- Burstone CJ, Groves MH. Threshold and optimum force values for anterior tooth movement. J Dent Res 1962;39: 695.
- Ziegler P. Ingervall B. A clinical study of maxillary canine retraction with a retraction spring and with sliding mechanics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1989;95: 99–106.
- Daskalogiannakis J, McLachlan KR. Canine retraction with rare earth magnets: an investigation into the validity of the constant force hypothesis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1996;109:489–95.
- Iwasaki LR, Haack JE, Nickel JC, Morton J. Human tooth movement in response to continuous stress of low magnitude. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000;117:175–83.
- Higley LB. Anchorage in orthodontics. Am J Orthod 1969; 55:791–4.
- Baker RW, Guay AH, Peterson HW. Current concepts of anchorage management. Angle Orthod 1972;42:129–38.
- Hocevar RA. Understanding, planning, and managing tooth movement: orthodontic force system theory. Am J Orthod 1981;80:457–77.
- Bennett JC, McLaughlin RP. Controlled space closure with a preadjusted appliance system. J Clin Orthod 1990;24: 251–61.
- Roberts WE, Arbuckle GR, Analoui M. Rate of mesial translation of mandibular molars using implant-anchored mechanics. Angle Orthod 1996;66:331–8.
- Wehrbein H, Feifel H, Diedrich P. Palatal implant anchorage reinforcement of posterior teeth: a prospective study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999;116:678–86.
- Janssens F, Swennen G, Dujardin T, Glineur R, Malevez C. Use of an onplant as orthodontic anchorage. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002;122:566–70.
- Deguchi T, Takano-Yamamoto T, Kanomi R, Hartsfield JK Jr, Roberts WE, Garetto LP. The use of small titanium screws for orthodontic anchorage. J Dent Res 2003;82: 377–81.
- Quinn RS, Yoshikawa DK. A reassessment of force magnitude in orthodontics. Am J Orthod 1985;88:252–60.
- Begg RP. Differential force in orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod 1956;42:481–510.
- Han S, Quick DC. Nickel-titanium spring properties in a simulated oral environment. Angle Orthod 1993;63:67–72.
- Nattrass C, Ireland AJ, Sherriff M. An investigation into the placement of force delivery systems and initial forces applied by clinicians during space closure. Br J Orthod 1997;24: 127–31.
- van der Linden FPGM. Changes in the position of posterior teeth in relation to ruga points. Am J Orthod 1978;74: 142–61.
- Bailey LT, Esmailnejad A, Almeida MA. Stability of the palatal rugae as landmarks for analysis of dental casts in extraction and nonextraction cases. Angle Orthod 1996;66: 73–8.
- Reitan K. Some factors determining the evaluation of forces in orthodontics. Am J Orthod 1957;43:32–45.
- Hixon EH, Atikan H, Callow GE, McDonald HW, Tracy RJ. Optimal force, differential force, and anchorage. Am J Orthod 1969;55:437–57.
- Hixon EH, Aasen TO, Arango J, Clark RA, Klosterman R, Miller SS, Odom WM. On force and tooth movement. Am J Orthod 1970;57:476–8.
- Boester CH, Johnston LE. A clinical investigation of the concepts of differential and optimal force in canine retraction. Angle Orthod 1974;44:113–9.
- Rock WP, Wilson HJ, Fisher SE. A laboratory investigation of orthodontic elastomeric chains. Br J Orthod 1985;12: 202–7.
- Lotzof LP, Fine HA, Cisneros GJ. Canine retraction: a comparison of two pre-adjusted bracket systems. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1996;110:191–6.
- Ash JL, Nikolai RJ. Relaxation of orthodontic elastomeric chains and modules in vitro and in vivo. J Dent Res 1978; 57:685–90.
- Nattrass C. Ireland A, Sherriff M. The effect of environmental factors on elastomeric chain and nickel titanium coil springs. Eur J Orthod 1998;20:169–76.
- Airoldi G, Riva G, Vanelli M, Fillipi V, Garattini G. Oral environment temperature changes induced by cold/hot liquid intake. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1997;112: 58–63.
- Tanne K, Sakuda M, Burstone CJ. Three dimensional finite element analysis for stress in the periodontal tissue by orthodontic forces. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1987;92: 499–505.
- Kapila S, Angolkar PV, Duncanson MG Jr, Nanda RS. Evaluation of friction between edgewise stainless steel brackets and orthodontic wires of four alloys. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1990;98:117–26.
- Frank CA, Nikolai RJ. A comparative study of frictional resistance between orthodontic bracket and archwire. Am J Orthod 1980;78:593–609.
- Tidy DC. Frictional forces in fixed appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1989;96:249-54.
- Sims APT, Waters ME, Birnie DJ, Pethybridge RJ. A comparison of the forces required to produce tooth movements in vitro using two self-ligating brackets and a pre-adjusted bracket employing two types of ligation. Eur J Orthod 1993; 15:377–85.
- Angolkar PV, Arnold JV, Nanda RS, Duncanson MG. Force degradation of closed coil springs: an in vitro study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1992;102:127–33.