References
- Baume LJ. Introduction. The scope of problems retrospectively and prospectively. Int Dent J 1970; 20: 563-569.
- Jago JD. The epidemiology of dental occlusion, a critical appraisal. J Public Health Dent 1974; 34: 80-93.
- McLain JB, Profflt WR. Oral health status in the United States: Prevalence of malocclusion. J Dent Educ 1985; 49: 386-396.
- Strieker G, Clifford E, Cohen LK, Giddon DB, Meskin LH, Evans CA. Psychosocial aspects of craniofacial disfigurement. Am J Orthod 1979; 76: 410-422.
- Shaw WC, Meek SC, Jones DS. Nicknames, teasing, harassment and the salience of dental features among school children. Br J Orthod 1980; 7: 75-80.
- Shaw WC, Richmond S, O’Brien KD, Brook PH, Stephens CD. Quality control in orthodontics: Indices of treatment need and treatment standards. BrDentJ 1991; 170: 107-112.
- Angle EH. Classification of malocclusion. Dent Cosmos 1899; 41: 248-264.
- Helm S. Intra-examiner reliability of epidemiologic registrations of malocclusion. Acta Odontol Scand 1977; 35: 161-165.
- Freer TJ, Adkins BL. New approach to malocclusion and indices. J Dent Res 1968; 47: 1111-1117.
- Pickering EA, Vig P. The occlusal index used to assess orthodontic treatment. Br J Orthod 1975; 2: 47-51.
- Case CS. Techniques and principles of dental orthopedia. New York: Leo Bruder, 1963: 16-18.
- Isaacson RJ, Christiansen RL, Evans CA, Reidel RA. Research on variation in dental occlusion. Am J Orthod 1975; 68: 241-255.
- Horowitz SL, Hixon EH. The nature of orthodontic diagnosis. CV Mosby, St Louis 1966; 344-378.
- Ackerman JL, Proffit WR. The characteristics of malocclusion: A modern approach to classification and diagnosis. Am J Orthod 1969; 56: 443-454.
- Gravely JF, Johnson DB. Angle’s classification of malocclusion: an assessment of reliability. Br J Orthod 1974; 1: 79-86.
- Katz MI. Angle classification revisited 1: Is current usage reliable? Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1992; 102: 173-179.
- Gardiner JH. A survey of malocclusion and some aetiological factors in 1000 Sheffield schoolchildren. Dent Practitioner 1956; 6: 187-201.
- Katz MI. Angle classification revisited 2: A modified Angle classification. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1992; 102: 277-284.
- Katz RV. Relationships between eight orthodontic indices and an oral self-image satisfaction scale. Am J Orthod 1978; 73: 328-334.
- Houston WJB, Stephens CD, Tulley WJ. A textbook of orthodontics. 2nd Edn. Bristol: Wright, 1992: 42-53.
- Ballard CF, Wayman JB. A report on a survey of the orthodontic requirements of 310 army apprentices. Trans Br Soc Study Orthod 1964; 86: 81-86.
- British Standard Incisor Classification. 4492 British Standard Institute, Glossary of Dental Terms: 1983.
- Williams AC, Stephens CD. A modification to the incisor classification of malocclusion. Br J Orthod 1992; 19: 127-130.
- Elsasser WA. Studies of dentofacial morphology II. Orthometric analysis of facial pattern. Am J Orthod 1953; 39: 193-200.
- Pelton WJ, Elsasser WA. Studies of dentofacial morphology III. The role of dental caries in the etiology of malocclusion. J Am Dent Assoc 1953; 46: 648-657.
- Massler M, Frankel JM. Prevalence of malocclusion in children aged 14 to 18 years. Am J Orthod 1951; 37: 751-768.
- Van Kirk LE, Pennell EH. Assessment of malocclusion in population groups. Am J Orthod 1959; 45: 752-758.
- Poulton DR, Aaronson SA. The relationship between occlusion and periodontal status. Am J Orthod 1961; 47: 690-699.
- Björk A, Krebs AA, Solow B. A method for epidemiological registration of malocclusion. Acta Odontol Scand 1964; 22: 27-41.
- Baume LJ, Horowitz HS, Summers CJ et al. A method for measuring occlusal traits developed by the FDI commission on classification and statistics for oral conditions (COCSTOC). Int Dent J 1973; 23: 530-537.
- Kinaan BK, Burke PH. Quantitative assessment of the occlusal features. BrJ Orthod 1981; 8: 149-156.
- Draker HL. Handicapping labiolingual deviations: A proposed index for public health purposes. AmJ Orthod I960; 46: 295-305.
- Grainger RM. Orthodontic treatment priority index. National Centre for Health Services. Series II. No. 25. Washington: Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1967.
- Salzmann JA. Handicapping malocclusion assessment to establish treatment priority. Am J Orthod 1968; 54: 749-765.
- Summers CJ. The occlusal index: A system for identifying and scoring occlusal disorders. Am J Orthod 1971; 59: 553-567.
- Elderton RJ, Clark JD. Orthodontic treatment in the general dental service assessed by the occlusal index. Br Orthod 1983; 10: 178-186.
- Elderton RJ, Clark JD. An investigation of treatment provided in the general dental service for patients with class II division 1 malocclusions. BrJ Orthod 1984; 11: 2-8.
- Clark JD, Elderton RJ. Orthodontic treatment in the general dental service in Scotland. Br Dent J 1987; 162: 57-62.
- Tang ELK, Wei SHY. Assessing treatment effectiveness of removable and fixed orthodontic appliances with the occlusal index. AmJ Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1990; 98: 550-556.
- So LLY, Tang ELK. A comparative study using the occlusal index and the index of orthodontic treatment need. Angle Orthod 1993; 63: 57-64.
- Gray AS, Demirjian A. Indexing occlusions for dental public health programs. AmJ Orthod 1977; 72: 191-197.
- Hermanson PC, Grewe JM. Examiner variability of several malocclusion indices. Angle Orthod 1970; 40: 219-225.
- Grewe JM, Hagan DV. Malocclusion indices: A comparative evaluation. AmJ Orthod 1972; 61: 286-294.
- Freer TJ. Assessment of occlusal status: The matched-pair similarity technic. Int Dent J 1972; 22: 412-422.
- Freer TJ. Interrelationships of attributes of malocclusion. Int Dent J 1970; 20: 586-592.
- Linder-Aronson S. Orthodontics in the Swedish public dental health service. Trans Eur Orthod Soc 1974; 233-240.
- Ingervall B, Ronnerman A. Index for need of orthodontic treatment. Odont Revy 1975; 26: 59-82.
- Norges Offenlige Utredninger. Folketrygdens finansiering av tannhel - searbeid, Oslo. Universitesforlaget 1986: 25.
- Brook PH, Shaw WC. The development of an index of orthodontic treatment priority. Eur J Orthod 1989; 11:309-320.
- Evans R, Shaw W. Preliminary evaluation of an illustrated scale for rating dental attractiveness. Eur J Orthod 1987; 9: 314-318.
- Richmond S, Shaw WC, Stephens CD, Webb WG, Roberts CT, Andrews M. Orthodontics in the general dental service of England and Wales: A critical assessment of standards. Br DentJ 1993; 174: 315-329¬
- Howitt JW, Strieker G, Henderson R. Eastman esthetic index. NY State DentJ 1967; 33: 215-220.
- Banack AR, Cleall JF, Yip ASG. Epidemiology of malocclusion in 12 year old Winnipeg schoolchildren. J Canad Dent Assoc 1972; 38: 437-445.
- Cons NC, Jenny J, Kohout FJ. DAI: the dental aesthetic index. Iowa City College of Dentistry, University of Iowa 1986.
- Ansai T, Miyazaki H, Katoh Y, et al. Prevalence of malocclusion in high school students in Japan according to the Dental Aesthetic Index. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1993; 21: 303-305.
- Estioko LJ, Wright FAC, Morgan MV. Orthodontic treatment need of secondary school children in Heidelberg, Victoria: An epidemiologic study using the Dental Aesthetic Index. Community Dent Health 1994; 11:147-15.
- World Health Organisation. International collaborative study of oral health outcomes (ICS II), document 2: Oral data collection instrument and examination criteria. Geneva: WHO 1989.
- Howat A. Orthodontics and health: Have we widened our perspectives? Community Dent Health 1993; 10: Suppl 2, 29-37.
- Phillips C, Tulloch C, Dann C. Rating of facial attractiveness. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1992; 20: 214-220.
- O’Brien KD, Shaw WC, Roberts CT. The use of occlusal indices in assessing the provision of orthodontic treatment by the hospital orthodontic service of England and Wales. Br J Orthod 1993; 20: 25-35.
- Richmond S, Andrews M. Orthodontic treatment standards in Norway. EurJ Orthod 1993; 15: 7-15.
- Lobb WK, Ismail AI, Andrews CL, Spracklin TE. Evaluation of orthodontic treatment using the Dental Aesthetic Index. Am J. Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1994; 106: 70-75.
- Peck H, Peck S. A concept of facial esthetics. Angle Orthod 1970; 40: 284-317.
- Eismann D. A method of evaluating the efficiency of orthodontic treatment. Trans Eur Orthod Soc 1974; 223-232.
- Gottlieb EL. Grading your orthodontic treatment results. J Clin Orthod 1975; 9: 155-161.
- Berg R. Post-retention analysis of treatment problems and failures in 264 consecutively treated cases. Eur J Orthod 1979; 1: 55-68.
- Richmond S. A critical evaluation of orthodontic treatment in the general dental service of England and Wales. University of Manchester, 1990. PhD thesis.
- Richmond S, Shaw WC, O’Brien KD, et al. The development of the PAR index (Peer Assessment Rating): Reliability and validity. Eur J Orthod 1992; 14: 125-139.
- Richmond S, Shaw WC, Roberts CT, Andrews M. The PAR index (Peer Assessment Rating): Methods to determine outcome of orthodontic treatment in terms of improvement and standards. Eur J Orthod 1992; 14: 180-187.
- Kerr WJS, Buchanan IB, McColl JH. Use of the PAR index in assessing the effectiveness of removable orthodontic appliances. Br J Orthod 1993; 20: 351-357.
- Fox NA. The first 100 cases: A personal audit of orthodontic treatment assessed by the PAR (Peer Assessment Rating) Index. Br Dent J 1993; 174: 290-297.
- Otuyemi OD, Jones SP. Long-term evaluation of treated class II division 1 malocclusions utilizing the PAR index. BrJ Orthod 1995; 22: 171-178.
- Richmond S, Turbill EA, Andrews M. Calibration of non-dental and dental personnel in the use of the PAR index. BrJ Orthod 1993; 20: 231-234.
- Stephens CD, Harradine NW. Changes in the complexity of orthodontic treatment for patients referred to a teaching hospital. BrJ Orthod 1988; 15: 27-32.
- O’Brien KD. Written communication. 1992.
- Carlos JP. Evaluation of indices of malocclusion. Int Dent J 1970; 20: 606-617.
- Buchanan IB. The evaluation and initial testing of an index to assess orthodontic treatment standards: The PAR index. University of Manchester, 1991. Msc thesis.
- Jarvinen S, Vaataja P. Variability in assessment of need for orthodontic treatment when using certain treatment need indices. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1987; 15: 245-248.
- Foster TD, Menezes DM. The assessment of occlusal features for public health planning purposes. Am J Orthod 1976; 69: 83-90.