Have a personal or library account? Click to login

Impacts of using Aloe vera as a feed additive in aquatic animals feeding trials: A mini-review

Open Access
|Aug 2025

References

  1. Abdel-Latif H.M.R., Hendam B.M., Nofal M.I., El-Son M.A.M. (2021). Ginkgo biloba leaf extract improves growth, intestinal histomorphometry, immunity, antioxidant status and modulates transcription of cytokine genes in hapa-reared Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 117, 339-349.
  2. Abdelhak M.E., Madkour F. F., Ibrahim M. A., Sharaf M.S., Sharaf M.M., Mohammed D.A. (2013). Effects of pawpaw, Carica papaya seeds meal on the productive performance and histological characters of gonads in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Int. J. Adv. Res., 3, 34-37.
  3. Abdul Kari Z., Sukri S.A.M., Téllez-Isaías G., Bottje W.G., Khoo M.I., Guru A., Tayyeb J.Z., Kabir M.A., Eissa E.S.H., Tahiluddin A.B., Wei L.S. (2024). Effects of dietary powdered Ficus deltoidea on the growth and health performance of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus production. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 50, 2563-2582.
  4. Ahmadifar E., Mohammadzadeh S., Kalhor N., Yousefi M., Moghadam M.S., Naraballobh W., Ahmadifar M., Hoseinifar S.H., Van Doan H. (2022). Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) fruit extract improves growth performance, disease resistance, and serum immune-and antioxidant-related gene expression of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture, 558, 738372.
  5. Ahmadifar E., Pourmohammadi Fallah H., Yousefi M., Dawood M.A.O., Hoseinifar S.H., Adineh H., Yilmaz S., Paolucci M., Doan H.V. (2021). The Gene Regulatory Roles of Herbal Extracts on the Growth, Immune System, and Reproduction of Fish. Animals, 11(8), 2167.
  6. Ahmadifar E., Sheikhzadeh N., Roshanaei K., Dargahi N., Faggio C. (2019). Can dietary ginger (Zingiber officinale) alter biochemical and immunological parameters and gene expression related to growth, immunity and antioxidant system in zebrafish (Danio rerio)? Aquaculture, 507, 341-348.
  7. Ali H.K.K.A. (2012). Comparison of haematological and biochemical indices in healthy and monogenean infected common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Ann. Biol. Res., 3, 1843 - 1846.
  8. Amri A., Bouraoui Z., Balbuena-Pecino S., Capilla E., Gharred T., Haouas Z., Guerbej H., Hosni K., Navarro I., Jebali J. (2022). Dietary supplementation with Aloe vera induces hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress together with a disruption of cellular signaling pathways and lipid metabolism related genes’ expression in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 559, 738433.
  9. Ashour M., Mabrouk M.M., Ayoub H. F., El-Feky M.M.M.M., Zaki S.Z., Hoseinifar S.H., Rossi W., Van Doan H., El-Haroun E., Goda A.M.A.S. (2020). Effect of dietary seaweed extract supplementation on growth, feed utilization, hematological indices, and non-specific immunity of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. J. Appl. Phycol., 32(5), 3467-3479.
  10. Bennetau‐Pelissero C., Breton B., Bennetau B., Corraze G., LeMenn E., Davail‐Cuisset B., Helou C., Kaushik S.J. (2001). Effect of genistein‐enriched diets on the endocrine process of gametogenesis and on reproduction efficiency of the Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 121, 173 - 187.
  11. Boudreau M.D., Beland F.A. (2006). An Evaluation of the Biological and Toxicological Properties of Aloe Barbadensis (Miller), Aloe Vera. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part C, 24(1), 103-154.
  12. Budai M.M., Varga A., Milesz S., Tozsér J., Benko S. (2013). Aloe vera downregulates LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production and expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages. Molecular Immunol., 56(4), 471-479.
  13. Chandan B.K., Saxena A.K., Shukla S., Sharma N., Gupta D.K., Suri K.A., Suri J., Bhadauria M., Singh, B. (2007). Hepatoprotective potential of Aloe barbadensis Mill. against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity. J. Ethnopharmacol., 111(3), 560-566.
  14. Clarkson C., Maharaj V.J., Crouch N.R., Grace O.M., Pillay P., Matsabisa M.G., Bhagwandin N., Smith P.J., Folb, P.I. (2004). In vitro antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants native to or naturalised in South Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol., 92(2-3), 177-191.
  15. Cock I.E. (2015). The genus aloe: Phytochemistry and therapeutic uses including treatments for gastrointestinal conditions and chronic inflammation. Progress Drug Res., 70, 179-235.
  16. Dagne E., Bisrat D., Viljoen A., Van Wyk B.E. (2000). Chemistry of Aloe species. Current Organic Chem., 4(10), 1055-1078.
  17. Devi G., Harikrishnan R., Paray B.A., Al-Sadoon M.K., Hoseinifar S.H., Balasundaram C. (2019). Effects of aloe-emodin on innate immunity, antioxidant and immune cytokines mechanisms in the head kidney leucocytes of Labeo rohita against Aphanomyces invadans. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 87, 669-678.
  18. Dotta G., de Andrade J.I.A., Tavares Gonçalves E.L., Brum A., Mattos J.J., Maraschin M., Martins M.L. (2014). Leukocyte phagocytosis and lysozyme activity in Nile tilapia fed supplemented diet with natural extracts of propolis and Aloe barbadensis. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 39(2), 280-284.
  19. El‐Sayed M.A.B., Abdel‐Aziz H.E.S., Abdel‐Ghani M.H. (2012). Effects of phytoestrogens on sex reversal of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) larvae fed diets treated with 17α‐methyltestosterone. J. Aquaculture, 360, 58 - 63.
  20. FAO. (2022). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/11a4abd8-4e09-4bef-9c12-900fb4605a02
  21. FAO. (2024). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2024, the state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2024. 10.4060/cd0683en
  22. Farahi A., Sudagar M.K.M., Soleimani I.M., Zorriehzahra S.M.J. (2012). Effect of dietary supplementation of Melisa officialis and Aloe vera on haematological traits, lipid oxidation of carcass and performance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Online J Anim Feed Resour, 1 - 5.
  23. Fehrmann-Cartes K., Vega M., Vera F., Enríquez R., Feijóo C.G., Allende M.L., Hernández A.J., Romero A. (2022). Aloe vera reduces gut inflammation induced by soybean meal in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Front. Animal Sci., 3.
  24. Francis G., Levavi‐Sivan B., Avitan A., Becker K. (2002). Effects of long‐term feeding Quillaja saponins on sex ratio, muscle and serum cholesterol and LH levels in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L). J. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C, 133, 593 - 603.
  25. Gabriel N.N., Qiang J., He J., Ma X.Y., Kpundeh M.D., Xu, P. (2015). Dietary Aloe vera supplementation on growth performance, some haemato-biochemical parameters and disease resistance against Streptococcus iniae in tilapia (GIFT). Fish Shellfish Immunol., 44(2), 504-514.
  26. Gabriel N.N., Qiang J., Ma X.Y., He J., Xu P., Omoregie E. (2017). Sex-Reversal Effect of Dietary Aloe vera (Liliaceae) on Genetically Improved Farmed Nile Tilapia Fry. North Am. J. . Aquaculture, 79(1), 100-105.
  27. Gabriel N.N., Wilhelm M.R., Habte-Tsion H.M., Chimwamurombe P., Omoregie E. (2021). The effects of dietary garlic (Allium sativum) and Aloe vera crude extract mixtures supplementation on growth performance, feed utilization, hematological parameters, whole body composition, and survival at low pH in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles. Scient. African, 11, e00671.
  28. Gabriel N.N., Wilhelm M.R., Habte Tsion H.M., Chimwamurombe P., Omoregie E., Iipinge L.N., Shimooshili K. (2019). Effect of dietary Aloe vera polysaccharides supplementation on growth performance, feed utilization, hemato-biochemical parameters, and survival at low pH in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings. Int. Aquatic Res., 11(1), 57-72.
  29. Ganzera M., Bedir E., Khan I. A. (2001). Determination of steroidal saponins in Tribulus terrestris by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering detection. J. Pharma. Sci., 90, 1752-1758.
  30. Ghosal I., Chakraborty B.S. (2014). Effects of the aqueous leaf extract of Basella alba on sex reversal of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci., 9, 162 - 164.
  31. Hamman J.H. (2008). Composition and applications of Aloe vera leaf gel. Molecules, 13(8), 1599-1616.
  32. Harlev E., Nevo E., Lansky E.P., Ofir R., Bishayee A. (2012). Anticancer potential of aloes: Antioxidant, antiproliferative, and immunostimulatory attributes . Planta Medica, 78(9), 843-852.
  33. Heidarieh M., Mirvaghefi A.R., Sepahi A., Sheikhzadeh N., Shahbazfar A.A., Akbari M. (2013). Effects of Dietary Aloe Vera on Growth Performance, Skin and Gastrointestine Morphology in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Turkish J. Fish. Aqua.Sci., 13, 367-373.
  34. Hoseinifar S.H., Khalili M., Rufchaei R., Raeisi M., Attar M., Cordero H., Esteban M.Á. (2015). Effects of date palm fruit extracts on skin mucosal immunity, immune related genes expression and growth performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fry. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 47(2), 706-711.
  35. Hu Y., Xu J., Hu Q. (2003). Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Aloe vera (Miller) Extracts. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51(26), 7788-7791.
  36. Ibidunni A.S.O.S.O., Ikililu A. (2018). Growth performance, haematology and histopathology of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed varying levels of Aloe barbadensis leaves. J. Fish, 6(1), 553-562.
  37. Jegede T. (2010). Control of reproduction in Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) using Hibiscus rosasinensis (Linn.) leaf meal as reproduction inhibitor. J. Agric. Sci., 2, 149-159.
  38. Jegede T. (2011). Effects of Aloe vera (Liliaceae) on the gonad development in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (Linnaeus 1758). Proceedings of the 9th international symposiums on tilapia aquaculture
  39. Jenkins F., Smith J., Rajanna B., Shameem U., Umadevi K., Sandhya V., Madhavi R. (2003). Effect of sub-lethal concentrations of endosulfan on hematological and serum biochemical parameters in the carp Cyprinus carpio. Bulletin Environ. Contamin. Toxicol., 70(5), 993-997.
  40. Kanama S.K., Viljoen A.M., Kamatou G.P.P., Chen W., Sandasi M., Adhami H.R., Van Wyk B.E. (2015). Simultaneous quantification of anthrones and chromones in Aloe ferox (“Cape aloes”) using UHPLC-MS. Phytochem. Lett., 13, 85-90.
  41. Kari Z.A., Wee W., Abdul Hamid N.K., Dawood M.A.O., Azwanida Z.N.N., Wei L.S. (2024). The roles of polysaccharides in tilapia farming: A review. Aquacul. Fish., 9(1), 20-27.
  42. Khanal M., Lamichhane S., Bhattarai A., Kayastha B.L., Labh S.N. (2021). Extract of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) Enhances the Growth, Protein Contents, and Gastrosomatic Index (GaSI) of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio. J. Nutr. Metabol., (1), 8029413.
  43. Kim K.H., Hwang Y.J., Bai S.C. (1999). Resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus in juvenile rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) fed diets containing different doses of aloe. Aquaculture, 180(1), 13-21.
  44. Kumar K.H.N., Chandana E., Preethi S.D., Chauhan B. J. (2012). In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of Aloe vera Linn. Int. J. Current Pharm.Res., 4, 45-47.
  45. Kumar R., Singh A.K., Gupta A., Bishayee A., Pandey A.K. (2019). Therapeutic potential of Aloe vera—A miracle gift of nature. Phytomedicine, 60, 152996.
  46. Langmead L., Makins R. J., Rampton D.S. (2004). Anti-inflammatory effects of Aloe vera gel in human colorectal mucosa in vitro. Alim. Pharmacol. Therap., 19(5), 521-527.
  47. Lee S.W., Liew V.K., Kari Z.A., Kabir M.A., Azra M.N., Khoo M.I., Wee W. (2024). Protective Effects of Dietary Etlingera elatior (Jack) Bud Flower Powder against Edwardsiella tarda Infection in African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Aquacul. Res., (1), 1754005.
  48. Lucini L., Pellizzoni M., Pellegrino R., Molinari G.P., Colla G. (2015). Phytochemical constituents and in vitro radical scavenging activity of different Aloe species. Food Chem., 170, 501-507.
  49. Mahdavi M., Hajimoradloo A., Ghorbani R. (2013). Effect of Aloe vera extract on growth parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). World J. Med. Sci., 9(1), 55-60.
  50. Manaf S.R.H.M.D., Alimon A.R., Mustapha N.M., Hamdan R.H., Muniand K.G., Hamid N.H. (2016). The effects of Vitex trifolia, Strobilanthes crispus and Aloe vera herbal-mixed dietary supplementation on growth performance and disease resistance in red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). J. Aquacult. Res. Dev, 7, 425.
  51. Mehrabi Z., Firouzbakhsh F., Rahimi-Mianji G., Paknejad H. (2019). Immunostimulatory effect of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) on non-specific immune response, immune gene expression, and experimental challenge with Saprolegnia parasitica in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 503, 330-338.
  52. Mehrinakhi Z., Ahmadifar E., Sheikhzadeh N., Moghadam M.S., Dawood M.A.O. (2021). Extract of grape seed enhances the growth performance, humoral and mucosal immunity, and resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila. Ann. Anim.Sci., 21(1), 217-232.
  53. Misawa E., Tanaka M., Nomaguchi K., Nabeshima K., Yamada M., Toida T., Iwatsuki K. (2012). Oral ingestion of Aloe vera phytosterols alters hepatic gene expression profiles and ameliorates obesity-associated metabolic disorders in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. J. Agric. Food Chem., 60(11), 2799-2806.
  54. Norouzi M., Farrokhrouz M. (2014). Effect of Aloe vera on growth and sex hormone of the fish Aequidens rivulatus. Biological Forum: an International Journal, 6, 412-416. Olatunya O.S., Olatunya A.M., Anyabolu H.C., Adejuyigbe E.A., Oyelami O.A. (2012). Preliminary trial of aloe vera gruel on HIV infection. J. Alternat. Complem. Med., 18(9), 850-853.
  55. Omitoyin B.O., Ajani E.K., Sadiq H.O. (2013). Preliminary investigation of Tribulus terrestris (Linn, 1753) extracts as natural sex reversal agent in Oreochromis niloticus (Linn. 1758) larvae. Int.J. Aquacul., 3, 133-137.
  56. Palanisamy P., Sasikala G., Mallikaraj D., Bhuvaneshwari N., Natarajan G.M. (2011). Haematological changes of fresh water food fish, Channa striata on exposure to Cleistanthus collinus suicidal plant extract. Res. J. Pharma. Biol. Chem. Sci., 2(2), 812-816.
  57. Palermo F.A., Cocci P., Angeletti M., Felici A., Polzonetti-Magni A.M., Mosconi G. (2013). Dietary Aloe vera components’ effects on cholesterol lowering and estrogenic responses in juvenile goldfish, Carassius auratus. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 39(4), 851-861.
  58. Quirós-Pozo R., Ventura-Castellano A., Ramírez-Bolaños S., Roo-Filgueira J., Robaina L. (2021). Evaluation of Aloe vera by-product against cereals in feeds for golden mullet (Liza aurata). Aquaculture Rep., 20, 100659.
  59. Radha M.H., Laxmipriya N.P. (2015). Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera: A systematic review. J. Trad. Complem. Med., 5(1), 21-26.
  60. Reynolds T., Dweck A.C. (1999). Aloe vera leaf gel: A review update. J. Ethnopharmacol., 68(1-3), 3-37.
  61. Saccù D., Bogoni P., Procida G. (2001). Aloe exudate: Characterization by reversed phase HPLC and headspace GC-MS. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49(10), 4526-4530.
  62. Safari M.C.D., Mesbah M., Jangaran N.A. (2019). Effects of Aloe vera extract on growth and some hematological parameters of shirbot, Tor grypus (Heckel, 1843). Iranian J. Fish. Sci., 18, 445-456.
  63. Saini D.K., Saini M.R. (2011). Evaluation of radioprotective efficacy and possible mechanism of action of Aloe gel. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 31(3), 427-435.
  64. Salama R.A., Mohamed M.M., Abd Elwahab M.B., Shakweer M.M. (2016). Assessment effect of Aloe vera, Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera aqueous extracts on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Int. J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci., 8(4), 83-89.
  65. Sebastião F.A., Nomura D., Sakabe R., Pilarski F. (2011). Hematology and productive performance of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) naturally infected with Flavobacterium columnare. Brazilian J. Microbiol., 42(1), 282-289.
  66. Seong Wei L., Mohamad Sukri S. A., Tahiluddin A. B., Abdul Kari Z., Wee W., Kabir M.A. (2024). Exploring beneficial effects of phytobiotics in marine shrimp farming: A review. Heliyon, 10(14).
  67. Shalabi, M., Khilo, K., Zakaria, M. M., Elsebaei, M. G., Abdo, W., & Awadin, W. (2015). Anticancer activity of Aloe vera and Calligonum comosum extracts separetely on hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Asian Pacific J. Trop. Biomed., 5(5), 375-381.
  68. Sitara U., Hassan N., Naseem J. (2011). Antifungal activity of Aloe vera gel against plant pathogenic fungi. Pakistan J. Botany, 43(4), 2231-2233.
  69. Soeparna I.I., Taofiqurohman A. (2024). Transversal policy between the protection of marine fishery resources and fisheries subsidies to address overfishing in Indonesia. Marine Policy, 163, 106112.
  70. Surjushe A., Vasani R., Saple D. (2008). Aloe vera: A short review. Indian J. Dermatol., 53(4), 163-166.
  71. Syed R., Masood Z., Ul Hassan H., Khan W., Mushtaq S., Ali A., Gul Y., Jafari H., Habib A., Ishaq Ali Shah M., Gabol K., Gul H., Ullah A. (2022). Growth performance, haematological assessment and chemical composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) fed different levels of Aloe vera extract as feed additives in a closed aquaculture system. Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 29(1), 296-303.
  72. Trejo-Flores J.V., Luna-González A., Álvarez-Ruiz P., Escamilla-Montes R., Fierro-Coronado J.A., Peraza-Gómez V., Flores-Miranda M.d.C., Diarte-Plata G., Rubio-Castro A. (2018). Immune-related gene expression in Penaeus vannamei fed Aloe vera. Latin American J. Aqua. Res., 46(4), 9.
  73. Trejo-Flores J.V., Luna-González A., Álvarez-Ruíz P., Escamilla-Montes R., Peraza-Gómez V., Diarte-Plata G., Esparza-Leal H.M., Campa-Córdova Á.I., Gámez-Jiménez C., Rubio-Castro A. (2016). Protective effect of Aloe vera in Litopenaeus vannamei challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and white spot syndrome virus. Aquaculture, 465, 60-64.
  74. Van Zyl R.L., Viljoen A.M. (2002). In vitro activity of Aloe extracts against Plasmodium falciparum. South African J. Botany, 68(1), 106-110.
  75. Vogler B.K., Ernst E. (1999). Aloe vera: a systematic review of its clinical effectiveness. British J. Gen. Prac., 49, 823 - 828.
  76. Wei L.S., Adrian Susin A.A., Tahiluddin A.B., Kien L.V., Wee W. (2024). Exploring the potential of black fungus, Auricularia auricula, as a feed additive in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, farming. Heliyon, 10(13).
  77. Wei L.S., Hooi K.Y., Khoo M.I., Azra M.N., Wee, W. (2024). Effects of dietary kaffir lime, Citrus hystrix DC, leaf powder on the growth performance, digestive enzyme, hematology, antioxidative response, and disease resistance against Edwardsiella tarda infection in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Aqua. Int., 32, 7469-7485.
  78. Wei L.S., Kari Z.A., Kabir M.A., Khoo M.I., Azra M.N., Wee W. (2024). Promoting Growth and Health of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus, Through Dietary Novel Supplement, Ginger, Zingiber officinale Rosc, Leaf Powder. Aqua. Stud., 24, AQUAST1719.
  79. Yousaf Z., Hussain S.M., Ali S., Kucharczyk D., Nowosad J., Turkowski K., Paray B.A., Naeem, A. (2025). Aloe vera: A promising natural herbal supplement for enhancing growth, physiology, antioxidant activity and immunity in Catla catla. Aquaculture Rep., 41, 102662.
  80. Zanuzzo F.S., Biller-Takahashi J.D., Urbinati E.C. (2012). Effect of Aloe vera extract on the improvement of the respiratory activity of leukocytes of matrinxã during the transport stress. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(10), 2299-2302.
  81. Zanuzzo F.S., Sabioni R.E., Montoya L.N.F., Favero G., Urbinati E.C. (2017). Aloe vera enhances the innate immune response of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) after transport stress and combined heat killed Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 65, 198-205.
  82. Zanuzzo F.S., Urbinati E.C., Rise M.L., Hall J.R., Nash G.W., Gamperl A.K. (2015). Aeromonas salmonicida induced immune gene expression in Aloe vera fed steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture, 435, 1-9.
  83. Zhang L., Khan I.A., Foran C.M. (2002). Characterization of the estrogenic response to genistein in Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C 132, 203 – 211.
  84. Zhang Z., Mei N., Chen S., Guo L., Guo X. (2016). Chapter 62 - Assessment of Genotoxic Effects of Selected Herbal Dietary Supplements**The information in this chapter is not a formal dissemination of information by the US Food and Drug Administration and does not represent agency position or policy. In R. C. Gupta (Ed.), Nutraceuticals (pp. 883-892). Academic Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2025-0080 | Journal eISSN: 2300-8733 | Journal ISSN: 1642-3402
Language: English
Submitted on: Apr 6, 2025
Accepted on: Jul 17, 2025
Published on: Aug 26, 2025
Published by: National Research Institute of Animal Production
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 times per year

© 2025 Lee Seong Wei, Albaris B. Tahiluddin, Z.A. Hadiana, Ahmad Syazni Kamarudin, Arifullah Mohammed, Nor Azra Mohamad, Lau Kia Kian, Wendy Wee, published by National Research Institute of Animal Production
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

AHEAD OF PRINT