Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Impacts of crowding stress on aquatic animals and its mitigation through feed additives supplementation – a review Cover

Impacts of crowding stress on aquatic animals and its mitigation through feed additives supplementation – a review

Open Access
|Apr 2025

References

  1. Abdel Rahman A.N., ElHady M., Shalaby S.I. (2019). Efficacy of the dehydrated lemon peels on the immunity, enzymatic antioxidant capacity and growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Aquaculture, 505: 92–97.
  2. Abdul Kari Z., Kabir M.A., Mat K., Rusli N.D., Razab M.K.A.A., Ariff N.S.N.A., Edinur H.A., Rahim M.Z.A., Pati S., Dawood M.A.O., Wei L.S. (2021). The possibility of replacing fish meal with fermented soy pulp on the growth performance, blood biochemistry, liver, and intestinal morphology of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Aquacult. Rep., 21: 100815.
  3. Abdul Kari Z., Wee W., Mohamad Sukri S.A., Che Harun H., Hanif Reduan M.F., Irwan Khoo M., Van Doan H., Wen Goh K., Seong Wei L. (2022). Role of phytobiotics in relieving the impacts of Aeromonas hydrophila infection on aquatic animals: A mini-review. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.
  4. Adineh H., Naderi M., Jafaryan H., Khademi Hamidi M., Yousefi M., Ahmadifar E. (2022). Effect of Stocking Density and Dietary Protein Level in Biofloc System on the Growth, Digestive and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities, Health, and Resistance to Acute Crowding Stress in Juvenile Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquacul. Nutr., 9344478.
  5. Adineh H., Naderi M., Nazer A., Yousefi M., Ahmadifar E. (2021). Interactive effects of stocking density and dietary supplementation with Nano selenium and garlic extract on growth, feed utilisation, digestive enzymes, stress responses, and antioxidant capacity of grass carp. J. World Aquacul. Soc., 52: 789–804.
  6. Adineh H., Naderi M., Yousefi M., Khademi Hamidi M., Ahmadifar E., Hoseini S.M. (2021). Dietary licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) improves growth, lipid metabolism, antioxidant and immune responses, and resistance to crowding stress in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquacul. Nutr., 27: 417–426.
  7. Akbar S. (2020). Rheum officinale Baill.; R. palmatum L. (Polygonaceae). In S. Akbar (Ed.), Handbook of 200 Medicinal Plants: A Comprehensive Review of Their Traditional Medical Uses and Scientific Justifications (pp. 1527–1537). Springer International Publishing.
  8. Akhtar S., Ismail T., Fraternale D., Sestili P. (2015). Pomegranate peel and peel extracts: Chemistry and food features. Food Chem., 174: 417–425.
  9. Aksakal E., Ekinci D., Erdogan O., Beydemir S., Alim Z., Ceyhun S.B. (2011). Increasing stocking density causes inhibition of metabolic-antioxidant enzymes and elevates mRNA levels of heat shock protein 70 in rainbow trout. Livestock Sci., 141: 69–75.
  10. Al-Bakheit A.A., Traka M., Saha S., Mithen R., Melchini, A. (2016). Accumulation of Palmitoylcarnitine and Its Effect on Pro-Inflammatory Pathways and Calcium Influx in Prostate Cancer. Prostate., 76: 1326–1337.
  11. Almeida I.F., Fernandes E., Lima J.L.F.C., Costa P.C., Bahia M.F. (2008). Protective effect of Castanea sativa and Quercus robur leaf extracts against oxygen and nitrogen reactive species. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol., 91: 87–95.
  12. Amano M., Amiya N., Fukushima K., Hagio H., Yamamoto N., Sakakura Y. (2022). Effects of crowding stress on the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal axis of the self-fertilising fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A: Molecul. Integra. Physiol., 264: 111110.
  13. Amengual J., Lobo G.P., Golczak M., Li H.N.M., Klimova T., Hoppel C.L., Wyss A., Palczewski K., Von Lintig J. (2011). A mitochondrial enzyme degrades Carotenoids and protects against oxidative stress. FASEB, 25: 948–959.
  14. Andrade T., Afonso A., Pérez-Jiménez A., Oliva-Teles,A., de las Heras V., Mancera J.M., Serradeiro R., Costas B. (2015). Evaluation of different stocking densities in a Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) farm: Implications for growth, humoral immune parameters and oxidative status. Aquaculture, 438: 6–11.
  15. Anis Mohamad Sukri S., Andu Y., Tuan Harith Z., Sarijan S., Naim Firdaus Pauzi M., Seong Wei L., Dawood M.A.O., Abdul Kari Z. (2022). Effect of feeding pineapple waste on growth performance, texture quality and flesh colour of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 29: 2514–2519.
  16. Aranguren R., Tafalla C., Novoa B., Figueras A. (2002). Experimental transmission of encephalopathy and retinopathy induced by nodavirus to sea bream, Sparus aurata L., using different infection models. J. Fish Dis., 25: 317–324.
  17. Assan D., Kuebutornye F.K.A., Hlordzi V., Chen H., Mraz J., Mustapha U.F., Abarike E.D. (2022). Effects of probiotics on digestive enzymes of fish (finfish and shellfish); status and prospects: a mini review. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part - B: Biochem. Molecul. Biol., 257: 110653.
  18. Avazeh A., Adel M., Shekarabi S.P.H., Emamadi H., Dawood M.A.O., Omidi A.H., Bavarsad M. (2021). Effects of dietary pomegranate peel meal on the growth performance, blood indices, and innate immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ann. Anim. Sci., 21: 233–244.
  19. Baba E., Acar Ü., Öntaş C., Kesbiç O. S., Yılmaz S. (2016). Evaluation of Citrus limon peels essential oil on growth performance, immune response of Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus challenged with Edwardsiella tarda. Aquaculture, 465: 13–18.
  20. Badawi M.E., Gomaa A.M. (2016). Influence of diets supplemented with pomegranate peel extract on performance in Oreochromus niloticus. Japanese J. Vet. Res, 64, S87–S94.
  21. Bahador N., Baserisalehi M. (2011). The effect of Quercus castaneifolia extract on pathogenic enteric bacteria. Anaerobe, 17: 358–360.
  22. Balcázar J. L., Vendrell D., de Blas I., Ruiz-Zarzuela I., Gironés O., Muzquiz J.L. (2006). Immune modulation by probiotic strains: Quantification of phagocytosis of Aeromonas salmonicida by leukocytes isolated from gut of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using a radiolabelling assay. Comp. Immunol., Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 29: 335–343.
  23. Barros L., Dueñas M., Dias M.I., Sousa M.J., Santos-Buelga C., Ferreira I.C.F.R. (2013). Phenolic profiles of cultivated, in vitro cultured and commercial samples of Melissa officinalis L. infusions. Food Chem., 136: 1–8.
  24. Barton B.A. (2002). Stress in fishes: A diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integr. Comp. Biol., 42: 517–525.
  25. Bayunova L., Barannikova I., Semenkova T. (2002). Sturgeon stress reactions in aquaculture. J. Appl. Ichthyol., 18: 397–404.
  26. Benedí J., Arroyo R., Romero C., Martín-Aragón S., Villar A.M. (2004). Antioxidant properties and protective effects of a standardised extract of Hypericum perforatum on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in PC12 cells. Life Sci., 75: 1263–1276.
  27. Bi B., Yuan Y., Zhao Y., He M., Song H., Kong L., Gao Y. (2023). Effect of crowding stress on growth performance, the antioxidant system and humoral immunity in hybrid sturgeon. Aquacul. Rep., 28: 101468.
  28. Biswas S., Cho S.B., Kim I. H. (2023). An evaluation of gallic acid supplementation to corn-soybean-gluten meal-based diet in broilers. Poultry Sci., 102: 102738.
  29. Castro-Osses D., Carrera-Naipil C., Gallardo-Escárate C., Gonçalves A.T. (2017). Functional diets modulate the acute phase protein response in Oncorhynchus mykiss subjected to chronic stress and challenged with Vibrio anguillarum. Fish. Shellfish. Immunol., 66: 62–70.
  30. Çelikkale M.S., Memiş D., Ercan E., Çağıltay F. (2005). Growth performance of juvenile Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt & Ratzenburg, 1833) at two stocking densities in net cages. J. Appl. Ichthyol., 21: 14–18.
  31. Chekani R., Akrami R., Ghiasvand Z., Chitsaz H., Jorjani S. (2021). Effect of dietary dehydrated lemon peel (Citrus limon) supplementation on growth, hematoimmunolological and antioxidant status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under exposure to crowding stress. Aquaculture, 539: 736597.
  32. Chen R., Lochmann R., Goodwin A., Praveen K., Dabrowski K., Lee K.J. (2004). Effects of dietary vitamins C and E on alternative complement activity, hematology, tissue composition, vitamin concentrations and response to heat stress in juvenile golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas). Aquaculture, 242: 553–569.
  33. Chen X.M., Guo G.L., Sun L., Yang Q.S., Wang G.Q., Qin G.X., Zhang D.M. (2016). Effects of Ala-Gln feeding strategies on growth, metabolism, and crowding stress resistance of juvenile Cyprinus carpio var. Jian. Fish. Shellfish. Immunol., 51: 365–372.
  34. Chesneau V. (2018). Immunology in Sturgeons with a Focus on the Siberian Sturgeon Mechanisms, Responses to Stress and Stimulation. In P. Williot, G. Nonnotte, & M. Chebanov (Eds.), The Siberian Sturgeon (Acipenser baerii, Brandt, 1869) Volume 2 - Farming (pp. 373–402). Springer International Publishing.
  35. Chung L.Y. (2006). The antioxidant properties of garlic compounds: allyl cysteine, alliin, allicin, and allyl disulfide. J. Med. Food., 9: 205–213.
  36. Contreras G., Barahona S., Sepúlveda D., Baeza M., Cifuentes V., Alcaíno J. (2015). Identification and analysis of metabolite production with biotechnological potential in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous isolates. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 31: 517–526.
  37. Córdova P., Alcaíno J., Bravo N., Barahona S., Sepúlveda D., Fernández-Lobato M., Baeza M., Cifuentes V. (2016). Regulation of carotenogenesis in the red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous: The role of the transcriptional co-repressor complex Cyc8-Tup1 involved in catabolic repression. Microbial. Cell. Fact., 15: 193.
  38. Costas B., Aragão C., Dias J., Afonso A., Conceição L.E.C. (2013). Interactive effects of a high-quality protein diet and high stocking density on the stress response and some innate immune parameters of Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 39: 1141–1151.
  39. Costas B., Aragão C., Mancera J.M., Dinis M.T., Conceição L.E.C., Refojos, B.C. (2008). High stocking density induces crowding stress and affects amino acid metabolism in Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis (Kaup 1858) juveniles. Aquacult. Res., 39: 1–9.
  40. Costas B., Aragão C., Soengas J.L., Míguez J.M., Rema P., Dias J., Afonso A., Conceição L.E.C. (2012). Effects of dietary amino acids and repeated handling on stress response and brain monoaminergic neurotransmitters in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. – A Molecul. Integra. Physiol., 161: 18–26.
  41. Dabrowski K., Ciereszko A. (2001). Ascorbic acid and reproduction in fish: Endocrine regulation and gamete quality. Aquacul. Res., 32: 623–638.
  42. Dediu L., Docan A., Crețu M., Grecu I., Mogodan A., Maereanu M., Oprea L. (2021). Effects of Stocking Density on Growth Performance and Stress Responses of Bester and Bester ♀ × Beluga ♂ Juveniles in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems. Animals, 11: 2292.
  43. Do Huu H., Sang H.M., Thanh Thuy N.T. (2016). Dietary β-glucan improved growth performance, Vibrio counts, haematological parameters and stress resistance of pompano fish, Trachinotus ovatus Linnaeus, 1758. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 54: 402–410.
  44. Dorts J., Silvestre F., Tu H.T., Tyberghein A.E., Phuong N.T., Kestemont P. (2009). Oxidative stress, protein carbonylation and heat shock proteins in the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, following exposure to endosulfan and deltamethrin. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 28: 302–310.
  45. Ellis T., North B., Scott A.P., Bromage N.R., Porter M., Gadd D. (2002). The relationships between stocking density and welfare in farmed rainbow trout. J. Fish Biol., 61: 493–531.
  46. Espelid S., Løkken G.B., Steiro K., Bøgwald J. (1996). Effects of cortisol and stress on the immune system in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol., 6: 95–110.
  47. Espina L., Somolinos M., Lorán S., Conchello P., García D., Pagán R. (2011). Chemical composition of commercial citrus fruit essential oils and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity acting alone or in combined processes . Food Cont., 22: 896–902.
  48. Esteban M.Á., Rodriguez A., Ayala A.G., Meseguer J. (2004). Effects of high doses of cortisol on innate cellular immune response of seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 137: 89–98.
  49. Fajfer S., Meyers L., Willman G., Carpenter T., Hansen M.J. (1999). Growth of Juvenile Lake Sturgeon Reared in Tanks at Three Densities. North Amer. J. Aquacul., 61: 331–335.
  50. Fatima S., Izhar S., Usman Z., Rashid F., Kanwal Z., Jabeen, Latif A. (2017). Effects of High Stocking Density on Condition Factor and Profile of Free Thyroxine and Cortisol in Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822) and Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Turkish J. Fish. Aqua. Sci., 18.
  51. Gabr G.A., Ibrahim Y.S., Al-Shawi S.G., Abosaooda M., Gupta J., Oudaha K.H., Mavlonov K., Jalil A.T., Thalij K.M., Mustafa Y.F., Khodadadi M., Dadras M. (2023). Single or combined consumption of resveratrol and the probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus attenuate the effects of crowding stress on growth, immune characteristics, and antioxidant defense in the common carp, (Cyprinus carpio). Aquacult. Rep., 29: 101471.
  52. Ganga R., Montero D., Bell J.G., Atalah E., Ganuza E., Vega-Orellana O., Tort L., Acerete L., Afonso J.M., Benitez-Sanatana T., Fernández Vaquero A., Izquierdo M. (2011). Stress response in sea bream (Sparus aurata) held under crowded conditions and fed diets containing linseed and/or soybean oil. Aquaculture, 311: 215–223.
  53. Gao Y., He Z., Vector H., Zhao B., Li Z., He J., Lee J.Y., Chu Z. (2017). Effect of stocking density on growth, oxidative stress and HSP 70 of pacific white Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Turkish J. Fish. Aqua. Sci., 17: 877–884.
  54. García Beltrán J.M., Espinosa C., Guardiola F.A., Esteban M.Á. (2017). Dietary dehydrated lemon peel improves the immune but not the antioxidant status of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol., 64: 426–436.
  55. García de La Banda I., Lobo C., León-Rubio J.M., Tapia-Paniagua S., Balebona M.C., Moriñigo M.A., Moreno-Ventas X., Lucas L.M., Linares F., Arce F., Arijo S. (2010). Influence of two closely related probiotics on juvenile Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup 1858) performance and protection against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida. Aquaculture, 306: 281–288.
  56. Garcia F., Romera D.M., Gozi K.S., Onaka E.M., Fonseca F.S., Schalch S.H.C., Candeira P.G., Guerra L.O.M., Carmo F.J., Carneiro D.J., Martins M.I.E.G., Portella M.C. (2013). Stocking density of Nile tilapia in cages placed in a hydroelectric reservoir. Aquaculture, 410–411: 51–56.
  57. Gatesoupe F.J. (1999). The use of probiotics in aquaculture. Aquaculture, 180: 147–165. Ghafarifarsani H., Hoseinifar S.H., Adhami B., Rohani M.F., Van Doan H. (2023). Dietary gallic acid influences serum enzymatic parameters and immunological responses in Cyprinus carpio exposed to crowding stress. Aquacult. Rep., 30: 101630.
  58. Gibtan A., Getahun A., Mengistou S. (2008). Effect of stocking density on the growth performance and yield of Nile tilapia [Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1758)] in a cage culture system in Lake Kuriftu, Ethiopia. Aquacult. Res., 39: 1450–1460.
  59. Goh K.W., Abdul Kari Z., Wee,W., Van Doan H., Reduan M.F.H., Kabir M.A., Khoo M.I., Al-Amsyar S.M., Seong Wei L. (2023). The Roles of Polysaccharides in Carp Farming: A Review. Animals, 13: 244.
  60. Gómez G.D., Balcázar J.L. (2008). A review on the interactions between gut microbiota and innate immunity of fish. FEMS Immunol. Medic. Microbiol., 52: 145–154.
  61. Güroy B., Şahin I., Mantoǧlu S., Kayali S. (2012). Spirulina as a natural carotenoid source on growth, pigmentation and reproductive performance of yellow tail cichlid Pseudotropheus acei. Aquacul. Int., 20: 869–878.
  62. Hamid N.K.A., Somdare P.O., Md Harashid K.A., Othman N.A., Kari Z.A., Wei L.S., Dawood M.A.O. (2022). Effect of papaya (Carica papaya) leaf extract as dietary growth promoter supplement in red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus) diet. Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 29: 3911–3917.
  63. Harikrishnan R., Thamizharasan S., Devi G., Van Doan H., Ajith Kumar T.T., Hoseinifar S.H., Balasundaram C. (2020). Dried lemon peel enriched diet improves antioxidant activity, immune response and modulates immuno-antioxidant genes in Labeo rohita against Aeromonas sorbia. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 106: 675–684.
  64. Henrique M.M.F., Gomes E.F., Gouillou-Coustans M.F., Oliva-Teles A., Davies S.J. (1998). Influence of supplementation of practical diets with vitamin C on growth and response to hypoxic stress of seabream, Sparus aurata. Aquaculture, 161: 415–426.
  65. Herrera M., Mancera J.M., Costas B. (2019). The Use of Dietary Additives in Fish Stress Mitigation: Comparative Endocrine and Physiological Responses. Front. Endocrinol., 10.
  66. Heshmati J., Farsi F., Shokri F., Rezaeinejad M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Vesali S., Sepidarkish M. (2018). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the probiotics and synbiotics effects on oxidative stress. J. Funct. Food., 46: 66–84.
  67. Hoseini S.M., Abtahi B., Yousefi M. (2019). Effects of fasting on metabolic and immunological responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to a further acute stress. Aquacult. Res., 50: 1177–1185.
  68. Hoseini S.M., Yousefi M., Hoseinifar S.H., Van Doan H. (2019). Effects of dietary arginine supplementation on growth, biochemical, and immunological responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), stressed by stocking density. Aquaculture, 503: 452–459.
  69. Hoseinifar S.H., Hosseini M., Paknejad H., Safari R., Jafar A., Yousefi M., Van Doan H., Torfi Mozanzadeh M. (2019). Enhanced mucosal immune responses, immune related genes and growth performance in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles fed dietary Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M and raffinose. Develop. Comp. Immunol., 94: 59–65.
  70. Hoseinifar S.H., Yousefi S., Van Doan H., Ashouri G., Gioacchini G., Maradonna F., Carnevali O. (2020). Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Fish: The Implications of Probiotic, Prebiotic, and Synbiotics. Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquacult., 29: 198–217.
  71. Hosseini S. A., Hoseini S.M. (2012). Effect of acute crowding stress on subsequent osmotic challenge and recovery in juvenile common carp Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus). Comp. Clin. Pathol., 21: 583–588.
  72. Hwang J.H., Lee S.W., Rha S.J., Yoon H.S., Park E.S., Han K.H., Kim S.J. (2013). Dietary green tea extract improves growth performance, body composition, and stress recovery in the juvenile black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Aquacult. Int., 21: 525–538.
  73. Iwama G.K., Vijayan M.M., Forsyth R.B., Ackerman P.A. (2015). Heat Shock Proteins and Physiological Stress in Fish. Amer. Zool., 39: 901–909.
  74. Jeney G., Jeney Z. (2002). Application of immunostimulants for modulation of the non-specific defense mechanisms in sturgeon hybrid: Acipenser ruthenus×A. baerii. J. Appl. Ichthyol., 18: 416–419.
  75. Jia R., Liu B.L., Feng W.R., Han C., Huang B., Lei J.L. (2016). Stress and immune responses in skin of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) under different stocking densities. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 55: 131–139.
  76. Jian J., Wu Z. (2004). Influences of traditional Chinese medicine on non-specific immunity of Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Fish Shellfish Immunol., 16: 185–191.
  77. Junqueira V.B.C., Barros S.B.M., Chan S.S., Rodrigues L., Giavarotti L., Abud R.L., Deucher G.P. (2004). Aging and oxidative stress. Mol. Asp. Med., 25: 5–16.
  78. Kari Z.A., Wee W., Abdul Hamid N.K., Dawood M.A.O., Azwanida Binti Zakaria N. N., & Wei, L. S. (2024). The roles of polysaccharides in tilapia farming: A review. Aquacult. Fish., 9: 20–27.
  79. Kari Z. A., Wee W., Hamid N.K.A., Mat K., Rusli N.D., Khalid H.N.M., Sukri S.A.M., Harun H.C., Dawood M.A.O., Hakim A.H., Khoo M.I., Abd El-Razek I.M., Goh K.W., Wei L.S. (2022). Recent Advances of Phytobiotic Utilization in Carp Farming: A Review. Aquacul. Nutr., 7626675.
  80. Karnatak G., Das B.K., Mishal P., Tayung T., Kumari S., Sarkar U.K., Das A.K., Ali Y. (2021). Impact of stocking density on growth, feed utilisation and survival of cage reared minor carp, Labeo bata (Hamilton, 1822) in Maithon reservoir, India. Aquaculture, 532: 736078.
  81. Kaur G., Athar M., Alam M.S. (2018). Pulegone: a potential candidate for the development of antimicrobial agents. Biomed. Pharmacother., 107: 372–380.
  82. Kirihara N., Kamitomo M., Tabira T., Hashimoto T., Taniguchi H., Maeda T. (2018). Effect of probiotics on perinatal outcome in patients at high risk of preterm birth. J. Obs. Gynaecol. Res., 44: 241–247.
  83. Kleinert M., Sachs S., Habegger K. M., Hofmann S.M. Müller T.D. (2019). Glucagon Regulation of Energy Expenditure. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20: 5407.
  84. Lambert Y., Dutil J.D. (2001). Food intake and growth of adult Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) reared under different conditions of stocking density, feeding frequency and size-grading. Aquacul,, 192: 233–247.
  85. Lee J.S., Park S.A., Chung D., Lee H.G. (2011). Encapsulation of astaxanthin-rich Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous for antioxidant delivery. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 49: 268–273.
  86. Lee Y.J., Corry P.M. (1998). Metabolic oxidative stress-induced HSP70 gene expression is mediated through SAPK pathway: Role of Bcl-2 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. J. Biol. Chem., 273: 29857–29863.
  87. Lewis S., Handy R.D., Cordi B., Billinghurst Z., Depledge M.H. (1999). Stress proteins (HSP’s): Methods of detection and their use as an environmental biomarker. Ecotoxicology, 8: 351–368.
  88. Li W., Li D., Yang Q., Liu L., Liu J., Lu J., Wang Y., Tang R., Li L., Zhang X. (2023). Long-term crowding stress induces chronic inflammatory response and declines the immunity of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Aquaculture, 577: 739976.
  89. Lin W., Li L., Chen J., Li D., Hou J., Guo H., Shen J. (2018). Long-term crowding stress causes compromised nonspecific immunity and increases apoptosis of spleen in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish Shellfish Immunol., 80: 540–545.
  90. Lindquist S., Craig E.A. (1988). The heat-shock proteins. Ann. Rev. Gen., 22: 631–677.
  91. Liu B., Xu P., Xie J., Ge X., Xia S., Song C., Zhou Q., Miao L., Ren M., Pan L., Chen R. (2014). Effects of emodin and vitamin E on the growth and crowding stress of Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Fish Shellfish Immunol., 40: 595–602.
  92. Liu H., Xu K., Xu M. (2004). Novel ECN-based congestion control algorithm with forecasting and verifying. High Technol. Let., 14: 16.
  93. Liu J., Zhang W., Du X., Jiang J., Wang C., Wang X., Zhang Q., He Y. (2016). Molecular characterisation and functional analysis of the GATA4 in tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B: Biochem. Mol. Biol., 193: 1–8.
  94. Long L., Zhang H., Ni Q., Liu H., Wu F., Wang X. (2019). Effects of stocking density on growth, stress, and immune responses of juvenile Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) in a recirculating aquaculture system. Comp.Biochem. Physiol. Part C: Toxicol. Pharmacol., 219: 25–34.
  95. Loto I., Gutiérrez M.S., Barahona S., Sepúlveda D., Martínez-Moya P., Baeza M., Cifuentes V., Alcaíno J. (2012). Enhancement of carotenoid production by disrupting the C22-sterol desaturase gene (CYP61) in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. BMC Microbiol., 12: 235.
  96. Malviya, S., Jha, A., & Hettiarachchy, N. (2014). Antioxidant and antibacterial potential of pomegranate peel extracts. J. Food Sci. Technol., 51: 4132–4137.
  97. Mani R., Natesan V. (2018). Chrysin: Sources, beneficial pharmacological activities, and molecular mechanism of action. Phytochem., 145: 187–196.
  98. Martinez-Moya P., Niehaus K., Alcaíno J., Baeza M., Cifuentes V. (2015). Proteomic and metabolomic analysis of the carotenogenic yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous using different carbon sources. BMC Genom., 16: 289.
  99. Mauri I., Romero A., Acerete L., MacKenzie S., Roher N., Callol A., Cano I., Alvarez M.C., Tort L. (2011). Changes in complement responses in Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) under crowding stress, plus viral and bacterial challenges. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 30: 182–188.
  100. Mazeaud M.M., Mazeaud F., Donaldson E.M. (1977). Primary and Secondary Effects of Stress in Fish: Some New Data with a General Review. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 106: 201–212.
  101. Mohler J.W., King M.K., Farrell P.R. (2000). Growth and Survival of First-Feeding and Fingerling Atlantic Sturgeon under Culture Conditions. North American Journal Aquacult., 62: 174–183.
  102. Mommsen T.P., Vijayan, M.M., Moon, T.W. (1999). Cortisol in teleosts: dynamics, mechanisms of action, and metabolic regulation. Rev Fish Biol. Fish., 9: 211–268.
  103. Monir W., Abdel-Rahman M.A., El-Din Hassan S., Mansour E.S., Awad S.M.M. (2020). Pomegranate peel and moringa-based diets enhanced biochemical and immune parameters of Nile tilapia against bacterial infection by Aeromonas hydrophila. Microb. Patho., 145: 104202.
  104. Montero D., Marrero M., Izquierdo M.S., Robaina L., Vergara J.M., Tort L. (1999). Effect of vitamin E and C dietary supplementation on some immune parameters of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles subjected to crowding stress. Aquaculture, 171: 269–278.
  105. Morgan A.L., Thompson K.D., Auchinachie N.A., Migaud H. (2008). The effect of seasonality on normal haematological and innate immune parameters of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss L. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 25: 791–799.
  106. Ngugi C.C., Oyoo-Okoth E., Muchiri M. (2017). Effects of dietary levels of essential oil (EO) extract from bitter lemon (Citrus limon) fruit peels on growth, biochemical, haemato-immunological parameters and disease resistance in Juvenile Labeo victorianus fingerlings challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquacult. Res., 48: 2253–2265.
  107. Ngugi C.C., Oyoo-Okoth E., Mugo-Bundi J., Orina P.S., Chemoiwa E.J., Aloo P.A. (2015). Effects of dietary administration of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) on the growth performance, biochemical, hematological and immunological parameters in juvenile and adult Victoria Labeo (Labeo victorianus) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 44: 533–541.
  108. North B.P., Turnbull J.F., Ellis T., Porter M.J., Migaud H., Bron J., Bromage N.R. (2006). The impact of stocking density on the welfare of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 255: 466–479.
  109. Osuna-Jiménez I., Williams T.D., Prieto-Álamo M.J., Abril N., Chipman J.K., Pueyo C. (2009). Immune- and stress-related transcriptomic responses of Solea senegalensis stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and copper sulphate using heterologous cDNA microarrays. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 26: 699–706.
  110. Pahor-Filho E., Castillo A.S.C., Pereira N.L., Pilarski F., Urbinati E.C. (2017). Levamisole enhances the innate immune response and prevents increased cortisol levels in stressed pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Fish Shellfish Immunol., 65: 96–102.
  111. Paray B.A., Hoseini S.M., Hoseinifar S.H., Van Doan H. (2020). Effects of dietary oak (Quercus castaneifolia) leaf extract on growth, antioxidant, and immune characteristics and responses to crowding stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture, 524: 735276.
  112. Pascoli F., Lanzano G.S., Negrato E., Poltronieri C., Trocino A., Radaelli G., Bertotto D. (2011). Seasonal effects on hematological and innate immune parameters in sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 31: 1081–1087.
  113. Peng C.H., Su J.D., Chyau C.C., Sung T.Y., Ho S.S., Peng C.C., Peng R.Y. (2007). Supercritical fluid extracts of rosemary leaves exhibit potent anti-inflammation and anti-tumor effects. Biosci., Biotechnol. Biochem., 71: 2223–2232.
  114. Prieto-Álamo M. J., Abril N., Osuna-Jiménez I., Pueyo C. (2009). Solea senegalensis genes responding to lipopolysaccharide and copper sulphate challenges: Large-scale identification by suppression subtractive hybridisation and absolute quantification of transcriptional profiles by real-time RT-PCR. Aqua. Toxicol., 91: 312–319.
  115. Rama S., Manjabhat S.N. (2014). Protective effect of shrimp carotenoids against ammonia stress in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety., 107: 207–213. Reyes-Cerpa S., Vallejos-Vidal E., Gonzalez-Bown M.J., Morales-Reyes J., Pérez-Stuardo D.,
  116. Vargas D., Imarai M., Cifuentes V., Spencer E., Sandino A.M., Reyes-López F.E. (2018). Effect of yeast (Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous) and plant (Saint John’s wort, lemon balm, and rosemary) extract based functional diets on antioxidant and immune status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) subjected to crowding stress. Fish. Shellfish. Immunol., 74: 250–259.
  117. Ringø E., Zhou Z., Vecino J.L.G., Wadsworth S., Romero J., Krogdahl Å., Olsen R.E., Dimitroglou A., Foey A., Davies S., Owen M., Lauzon H.L., Martinsen L.L., De Schryver P., Bossier P., Sperstad S., Merrifield D.L. (2016). Effect of dietary components on the gut microbiota of aquatic animals. A never-ending story?. Aquacult. Nutr., 22: 219–282.
  118. Rotruck J. ., Pope A.L., Ganther H.E., Swanson A.B., Hafeman D.G., Hoekstra W.G. (1973). Selenium: biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science, 179: 588–590.
  119. Sadeghi F., Ahmadifar E., Shahriari Moghadam M., Ghiyasi M., Dawood M.A.O., Yilmaz S. (2021). Lemon, Citrus aurantifolia, peel and Bacillus licheniformis protected common carp, Cyprinus carpio, from Aeromonas hydrophila infection by improving the humoral and skin mucosal immunity, and antioxidative responses. J. World Aquacult. Soc., 52: 124–137.
  120. Sadoul B., Vijayan M.M. (2016). Stress and Growth. In: Fish Physiology. Vol. 35, pp. 167–205.
  121. Saillant E., Fostier A., Haffray P., Menu B., Laureau S., Thimonier J., Chatain B. (2003). Effects of rearing density, size grading and parental factors on sex ratios of the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) in intensive aquaculture. Aquaculture, 221: 183–206.
  122. Salas-Leiton E., Anguis V., Manchad, M., Cañavate J. P. (2008). Growth, feeding and oxygen consumption of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles stocked at different densities. Aquaculture, 285: 84–89.
  123. Salomão R.A.S., De Paula T.G., Zanella B.T.T., Carvalho P.L.P.F., da Silva Duran B.O., Valente J.S., de Almeida Fantinatti B.E., Fernandes A.A., Barros M.M., Mareco E.A., Carvalho R.F., dos Santos V.B., Dal-Pai-Silva M. (2019). The combination of resveratrol and exercise enhances muscle growth characteristics in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A : Molecul. Integrat. Physiol., 235: 46–55.
  124. Sanders B.M. (1993). Stress proteins in aquatic organisms: An environmental perspective. Critical Rev. Toxicol., 23: 49–75.
  125. Schreck C. B. (2010). Stress and fish reproduction: The roles of allostasis and hormesis. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 165: 549–556.
  126. Schreck C.B., Tort L. (2016). The Concept of Stress in Fish. In: Fish Physiology. Vol. 35, pp. 1–34.
  127. Seong Wei L., Mohamad Sukri S.A., Tahiluddin A.B., Abdul Kari Z., Wee W., Kabir M.A. (2024). Exploring beneficial effects of phytobiotics in marine shrimp farming: A review. Heliyon, 10: e31074.
  128. Sharma V., Sharma A., Kansal L. (2010). The effect of oral administration of Allium sativum extracts on lead nitrate induced toxicity in male mice. Food Chem. Toxicol., 48: 928–936.
  129. Singh B., Singh J.P., Kaur A., Singh N. (2019). Antimicrobial potential of pomegranate peel: a review. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 54: 959–965.
  130. Stompor‐gorący M., Bajek‐bil A., Machaczka M. (2021). Chrysin: Perspectives on contemporary status and future possibilities as pro‐health agent. Nutrients., 13: 2038.
  131. Sukri S.A.M., Andu Y., Sarijan S., Khalid H.N.M., Kari Z.A., Harun H.C., Rusli N.D., Mat K., Khalif R.I.A.R., Wei L.S., Rahman M.M., Hakim A.H., Lokman N.H.N., Hamid N.K.A., Khoo M.I., Doan H.V. (2023). Pineapple waste in animal feed: A review of nutritional potential, impact and prospects. Ann. Anim. Sci., 23: 339–352.
  132. Takanashi S., Miura A., Abe K., Uchida J., Itoi S., Sugita H. (2014). Variations in bile tolerance among Lactococcus lactis strains derived from different sources. Folia Microbiol., 59: 289–293.
  133. Tan C., Zhou H., Wang X., Mai K., He G. (2019). Resveratrol attenuates oxidative stress and inflammatory response in turbot fed with soybean meal based diet. Fish. Shellfish. Immunol., 91: 130–135.
  134. Tapia-Paniagua S.T., Chabrillón M., Díaz-Rosales P., de la Banda I.G., Lobo C., Balebona M.C., Moriñigo M.A. (2010). Intestinal Microbiota Diversity of the Flat Fish Solea senegalensis (Kaup, 1858) Following Probiotic Administration. Microb. Ecol., 60: 310–319.
  135. Tapia-Paniagua S.T., Vidal S., Lobo C., Prieto-Álamo M.J., Jurado J., Cordero H., Cerezuela R., García de la Banda I., Esteban M.A., Balebona M.C., Moriñigo M.A. (2014). The treatment with the probiotic Shewanella putrefaciens Pdp11 of specimens of Solea senegalensis exposed to high stocking densities to enhance their resistance to disease. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 41: 209–221.
  136. Tort L. (2011). Stress and immune modulation in fish. Develop. Comp. Immunol., 35: 1366–1375.
  137. Tort L., Rotllant J., Rovira L. (1998). Immunological suppression in gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata of the North-West Mediterranean at low temperatures. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A: Molecul. Integra. Physiol., 120: 175–179.
  138. Tungmunnithum D., Thongboonyou A., Pholboon A., Yangsabai A. (2018). Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from medicinal plants for pharmaceutical and medical aspects: An overview. Medicines, 5.
  139. Wang H., Lu T., Jiang P. (2014). Mathematical model and numerical simulation of biological porous medium during hot air drying. Transact. Chin. Soc. Agricult. Engin., 30: 325–333.
  140. Wee W., Abdul Hamid N.K., Mat K., Khalif R.I.A.R., Rusli N.D., Rahman M.M., Kabir M.A., Wei L.S. (2024). The effects of mixed prebiotics in aquaculture: A review. Aquacult. Fish., 9: 28–34.
  141. Wei, L. S., Goh, K. W., Abdul Hamid, N. K., Abdul Kari, Z., Wee, W., & Van Doan, H. (2022). A mini-review on co-supplementation of probiotics and medicinal herbs: Application in aquaculture. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.
  142. Wilson W.N., Baumgarner B.L., Watanabe W.O., Alam M.S., Kinsey S.T. (2015). Effects of resveratrol on growth and skeletal muscle physiology of juvenile southern flounder. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. -Part A : Molecul. Integ. Physiol., 183: 27–35.
  143. Xi W., Lu J., Qun J., Jiao B. (2017). Characterisation of phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of different fruit part from lemon (Citrus limon Burm.) cultivars. J. Food Sci. Technol., 54: 1108–1118.
  144. Xie J., Liu B., Zhou Q., Su Y., He Y., Pan L., Ge X., Xu P. (2008). Effects of anthraquinone extract from rhubarb Rheum officinale Bail on the crowding stress response and growth of common carp Cyprinus carpio var. Jian. Aquaculture, 281: 5–11.
  145. Yengkokpam S., Debnath D., Sahu N.P., Pal A.K., Jain K.K., Baruah K. (2016). Dietary protein enhances non-specific immunity, antioxidative capability and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Labeo rohita fingerlings pre-exposed to short feed deprivation stress. Fish. Shellfish. Immunol., 59: 439–446.
  146. Yin G., Jeney G., Racz T., Xu P., Jun X., Jeney Z. (2006). Effect of two Chinese herbs (Astragalus radix and) on non-specific immune response of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture, 253: 39–47.
  147. Yousefi M., Adineh H., Ghadamkheir M., Hashemianfar S.A.M., Yilmaz S. (2023). Effects of dietary Pennyroyal essential oil on growth performance, digestive enzymes’ activity, and stress responses of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquacult. Rep., 30: 101574.
  148. Yousefi M., Hoseini S.M., Kulikov E.V., Babichev N.V., Bolshakova M.V., Shopinskaya M.I., Rogov R.V., Zharov A.N. (2023). Effects of dietary pomegranate peel supplementation on growth performance and biochemical responses of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, to chronic crowding stress. Aquacult. Rep., 30: 101532.
  149. Yousefi M., Hoseini S.M., Vatnikov Y.A., Kulikov E.V., Drukovsky S.G. (2019). Rosemary leaf powder improved growth performance, immune and antioxidant parameters, and crowding stress responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. Aquaculture, 505: 473–480.
  150. Yousefi M., Nedaei S., Naderi Farsani M., Ghafarifarsani H., Zhang M.L., Du Z.Y. (2023). Dietary chrysin supplementation improves growth performance, immune responses, antioxidant status, and resistance against crowding stress in rainbow trout. Aquacult. Rep., 32: 101708.
  151. Yousefi M., Shabunin S.V., Vatnikov Y.A., Kulikov E.V., Adineh H., Khademi Hamidi M., Hoseini S.M. (2020). Effects of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) extract inclusion in diet on growth performance, innate immunity, immune-related gene expression, and stress response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture, 515: 734588.
  152. Zeinali M., Rezaee S. A., Hosseinzadeh H. (2017). An overview on immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of chrysin and flavonoids substances. Biomed. Pharmacother., 92: 998–1009.
  153. Zhang C.N., Li X.F., Xu W.N., Jiang G.Z., Lu K.L., Wang L.N., Liu W.B. (2013). Combined effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide and Bacillus licheniformis on innate immunity, antioxidant capability and disease resistance of triangular bream (Megalobrama terminalis). Fish. Shellfish. Immunol., 35: 1380–1386.
  154. Zheleva-Dimitrova D., Nedialkov P., Kitanov G. (2010). Radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts from Hypericum species growing in Bulgaria. Pharmacog. Mag., 6: 74–78.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2025-0038 | Journal eISSN: 2300-8733 | Journal ISSN: 1642-3402
Language: English
Submitted on: Oct 28, 2024
|
Accepted on: Mar 11, 2025
|
Published on: Apr 8, 2025
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: Volume open

© 2025 Lee Seong Wei, Martina Irwan Khoo, Ramasamy Harikrishnan, Ümit Acar, Md Eilious Hosain, Mohamad Nor Azra, Ahmad Syazni Kamarudin, Lau Kia Kian, Hadiana, Wendy Wee, published by National Research Institute of Animal Production
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

AHEAD OF PRINT