Histopathological and immunohistochemical study in the anterior and posterior cruciate ligament of the knee with rheumatoid arthritis in Iraqi patients
References
- Mason JJ, Leszko F, Johnson T, Komistek RD. Patellofemoral joint forces. J Biomech. 2008;41(11):2337-2348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.04.039
- Alghulami OM, Ghaith AJ, Suzan YJ. Histopathological evaluation of docetaxel effects in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis induced in rat model. Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.2023;23(2):168-179. https://doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v23i2.1018
- Claes S, Vereecke E, Maes M, Victor J, Verdonk P, Bellemans J. Anatomy of the anterolateral ligament of the knee. Journal of anatomy. 2013;223: 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12087
- Standring S. Gray’s Anatomy, 40th edn, Elsevier Limited, Spain;2008.
- Jassim OA, Al-Sharqi SAH, Wahab MS. Immunohistochemical expression and enumeration of mast cells in synovial tissue from Iraqi patients with Rheumatoid arthritis. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology.2019; 13( 4 ): 672-677. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-9130.2019.00369.4
- Miehle W, Fehr K, Schattenkirchner M, Tillmann K. Rheumatologie in Praxis und Klinik, 2nd Edition, Georg Thieme;2000.
- Bartok B, Firestein GS. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes: key effector cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Rev.2010; 233(1): 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00859.x
- Paul PT, Barry B. The pathogenesis and prevention of joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis: Advances from synovial biopsy and tissue analysis. Arthritis & Rheumatism.2000; 43:2619-2633. https://doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(200012)43:12<2619::AID-ANR1>3.0.CO;2-V
- Tardito S, Giulia M, Stefano SS, Paolino GP, Massimo P, Elisa A, et al. Macrophage M1/M2 polarization and rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review. Autoimmun Rev.2019;18(11): 102397:1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102397
- Monecke T, Buschmann J, Neumann P, Wahle E, Ficner R. Crystal Structures of the Novel Cytosolic 5’-Nucleotidase IIIB Explain Its Preference for m7GMP. PLoS One.2014; 6;9(3):e90915. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090915
- Bhagavatham SK, Khanchandani P, Kannan V, Potikuri D, Sridharan D, Pulukool SK, et al. Adenosine deaminase modulates metabolic remodeling and orchestrates joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):15129. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94607-5
- Suvara K, Layton C, JD B. Bancroft’s theory and practice of histological techniques. Eight Edition, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier;2019.
- AL-Sharqi SA. Histophysiological and histochemical study of placenta in pre-eclamptic pregnant women (PhD dissertation) College of Science. University of Baghdad. Iraq;2011.
- Levine JW, Kiapour AM, Quatman CE, Wordeman SC, Goel VK, Hewett TE, et al. Clinically relevant injury patterns after an anterior cruciate ligament injury provide insight into injury mechanisms. Am J Sports Med.2013; 41(2): 385-395. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512465167
- Pauli C, Grogan SP, Patil S, Otsuki S, Hasegawa A, Koziol J, et al. Macroscopic and histopathologic analysis of human knee menisci in aging and osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage.2011; 19(9): 1132–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2011.05.008
- Arner JW, Irvine JN, Zheng L, Gale T, Thorhauer E, Hankins M, et al. The Effects of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency on the Meniscus and Articular Cartilage: A Novel Dynamic in Vitro Pilot Study. Orthop J Sports Med.2016;4(4): 2325967116639895. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967116639895
- Al-Muathen DM, Al-Sharqi SAH, Brakhas SA, Taha AA. Possible etiological role of IL-10, IL-17 levels, CD4+ and CD68 in the pathogenesis of Herniated disc in Iraqi patients. Opera Med Physiol.2024; 11 (2):40-46. doi:10.24412/2500-2295-2024-2-40-46
- Adriana JA, Trocan I, Ceaușu AR, Hărăguș H, Damian G, Raica M. Morphologic changes in the injured anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) correlated with the expression of protein S100 and NFAP: major therapeutic implications or a wrong getaway towards improving ACL reconstruction? Research and Clinical Medicine.2017; 1(2):16-21.
- Weldon AJ, Moldovan I, Cabling MG, Hernandez EA, Hsu S, Gonzalez J, et al. Surface APRIL is elevated on myeloid cells and is associated with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2015;42: 749–759. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.140630
- Shin K, Nigrovic PA, Crish J, Boilard E, McNeil HP, Larabee KS, et al. Mast cells contribute to autoimmune inflammatory arthritis via their tryptase/heparin complexes. J Immunol.2009; 182(1): 647-656. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.647
- Raif EM. Effect of cyclic tensile load on regulating the expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs-1,3) and structural components in synovial cells. J Cell Mol Med.2008; 12(6): 2439-2448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00245.x
- Mucke J, Hoyer A, Brinks R, Bleck E, Pauly T, Matthias Schneider M, et al. Inhomogeneity of immune cell composition in the synovial sublining: linear mixed modelling indicates differences in distribution and spatial decline of CD68+ macrophages in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther.2016; 18:170. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-016-1057-3
- Laria A, Lurati A, Marrazza M, Mazzocchi D, Re KA, Scarpellini M. (2016).The macrophages in rheumatic diseases. J Inflamm Res.2016; 9: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S82320
- Nelissen RGHH, Hogendoorn PCW. Retain or sacrifice the posterior cruciate ligament in total knee arthroplasty? A histopathological study of the cruciate ligament in osteoarthritic and rheumatoid disease. J Clin Pathol.2001; 54(5): 381-384. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.54.5.381
- Wang HM, Shultz SJ, Schmitz RJ. Association of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Width with Anterior Knee Laxity. J Athl Train.2016; 51(6): 460-465. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.7.07
- Levine JW, Kiapour AM, Quatman CE, Wordeman SC, Goel VK, Hewett TE, et al. Clinically relevant injury patterns after an anterior cruciate ligament injury provide insight into injury mechanisms. Am J Sports Med.2013; 41(2): 385-395. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512465167
- Mullaji AB, SV Marawar, Manjula S, Gaurav J. Cruciate ligaments in arthritic knees: a histologic study with radiologic correlation. J Arthroplasty.2008; 23: 567-572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2007.05.024
- Andreeva I, Kolb P, Rodon L, Blank N, Lorenz H, Merkt W. Fcγ-receptor-IIIA bioactivity of circulating and synovial immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis. RMD Open.2024; 10:e004190. https://doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2024-004190
- Alunno A, Manetti M, Caterbi S, Ibba-Manneschi L, Bistoni O, Bartoloni E, et al. Altered immunoregulation in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of regulatory T cells and proinflammatory Th17 cells and therapeutic implications. Mediators Inflamm. 2015:751793:12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/751793
- Palm A-KE, Garcia-Faroldi G, Lundberg M, Pejler G, Kleinau S. Activated mast cells promote differentiation of B cells into effector cells. Sci Rep. 2016;6:20531. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20531
- Sohn R, Junker M, Meurer A, Zaucke F, Straub RH, Jenei-Lanzl Z. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Endogenously Released Adenosine in Synovial Cells of Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Int J Mol Sci.2021; 22: 8956. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168956
- Capellino S, Cosentino M, Wolff C, Schmidt M, Grifka J, Straub RH. Catecholamine-producing cells in the synovial tissue during arthritis: Modulation of sympathetic neurotransmitters as new therapeutic target. Ann Rheum Dis.2010;69, 1853–1860. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2009.119701
- Živković N, Đinđić B, Stojanović S, Krstić I, Ćirić I, Kostić T, et al. 5’-Nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Vojnosanit Pregl.2017; 74(10); 940-946. https://doi.org/10.2298/VSP151125267Z
- Abdullah DAA, ALabassi HM, Al-Sharqi SAH, Almishhadany MS. Effect of 5-Nucleotidase and Adenosine on pathogenesis destruction of the knee and hip tissues in patients with Osteoarthritis. Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation.2021; 32(3): 11859-11863. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.30091.21280
Language: English
Page range: 46 - 53
Submitted on: Jul 25, 2025
Accepted on: Jan 18, 2026
Published on: Mar 10, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Amal Kadhem Chaloob, Sahar A. H. AL-Sharqi, published by University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.