References
- Ckd DOF, Graded N. Chapter 1: Definition and classification of CKD. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3(1):19–62.
- Wilson S, Mone P, Jankauskas SS, Gambardella J, Santulli G. Chronic kidney disease: Definition, updated epidemiology, staging, and mechanisms of increased cardiovascular risk. J Clin Hypertens. 2021;23(4):831–4.
- Healthcare ADIN. Chronic kidney disease in African Americans: Puzzle pieces are falling into place. Cleve Clin J Med. 2017;84(11):855.
- Laster M, Shen JI, Norris KC. Kidney Disease Among African Americans: A Population Perspective. Am J kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found. 2018 Nov;72(5 Suppl 1):S3–7.
- Olanrewaju TO, Aderibigbe A, Popoola AA, Braimoh KT, Buhari MO, Adedoyin OT, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and risk factors in North-Central Nigeria: a population-based survey. BMC Nephrol. 2020;21(1):1–10.
- Kovesdy CP. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022. Kidney Int Suppl. 2022;12(1):7–11.
- Cockwell P, Fisher LA. The global burden of chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2020;395(10225):662–4.
- Pettitt RM, Brumbaugh AP, Gartman MF, Jackson AM. Chronic kidney disease: Detection and evaluation. Osteopath Fam Physician. 2020;12(1):14–9.
- Turner ME, Rowsell TS, White CA, Kaufmann M, Norman PA, Neville K, et al. The metabolism of 1, 25 (OH) 2D3 in clinical and experimental kidney disease. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):10925.
- Wimalawansa SJ. Controlling Chronic Diseases and Acute Infections with Vitamin D Sufficiency. Nutrients. 2023;15(16): 3623.
- Young K, Beggs MR, Grimbly C, Alexander RT. Regulation of 1 and 24 hydroxylation of vitamin D metabolites in the proximal tubule. Exp Biol Med. 2022;247(13):1103–11.
- Bolasco P. Treatment options of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3 and 4: An historic review. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2009;6(3):210–9.
- Evenepoel P, Bover J, Ureña Torres P. Parathyroid hormone metabolism and signaling in health and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2016;90(6):1184–90.
- Bozic M, Diaz-Tocados JM, Bermudez-Lopez M, Forné C, Martinez C, Fernandez E, et al. Independent effects of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hyperphosphataemia on chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular events: An analysis from the NEFRONA cohort. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2022;37(4):663–72.
- Galassi A, Fasulo EM, Ciceri P, Casazza R, Bonelli F, Zierold C, et al. 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D as predictor of renal worsening function in chronic kidney disease. Results from the PASCaL-1, 25D study. Front Med. 2022;9:840801.
- Mula-Abed WAS, Al Rasadi K, Al-Riyami D. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): A serum creatinine-based test for the detection of chronic kidney disease and its impact on clinical practice. Oman Med J. 2012;27(2):108–13.
- Flaherty CM, Surapaneni A, Seegmiller JC, Coresh J, Grams ME, Ballew SH. CKD Prevalence and Incidence in Older Adults Using Estimated GFR With Different Filtration Markers: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Kidney Med. 2024;6(10):100893.
- Mallappallil M, Friedman EA, Delano BG, Mcfarlane SI, Salifu MO. Chronic kidney disease in the elderly: Evaluation and management. Clin Pract. 2014;11(5):525–35.
- Stevens LA, Viswanathan G, Weiner DE. Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the Elderly Population: Current Prevalence, Future Projections, and Clinical Significance. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2010;17(4):293–301.
- Mehmood HR, Khan Z, Jahangir HMS, Hussain A, Elahi A, Askari SMH. Assessment of serum biochemical derangements and associated risk factors of chronic kidney disease. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2022;17(3):376–83.
- Pandya D, Nagrajappa AK, Ravi KS. Assessment and correlation of urea and creatinine levels in saliva and serum of patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetes and hypertension– A research study. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2016;10(10):ZC58–62.
- Kaufman DP, Basit H, Knohl SJ. Physiology, glomerular filtration rate. 2018;
- European Medicines Agency. Guideline on the evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of medicinal products in patients with decreased renal function. Https://WwwEmaEuropaEu/En/Evaluation-Pharmacokinetics-Medicinal-Products-Patients-Decreased-Renal-Function. 2016;44:1–15.
- Nankivell BJ. Creatinine clearance and the assessment of renal function. Aust Prescr. 2001;24(1):15–7.
- Bureo JC, Arévalo JC, Antón J, Adrados G, Morales JLJ, Robles NR. Prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism in seen in internal medicine. Endocrinol Nutr. 2015;62(7):300–5.
- De N, Oh DD. Erratum: Vitamin D (25(OH)D) in patients with chronic kidney disease stages 2-5. Colomb medica (Cali, Colomb. 2019;50(1):49.
- Levin A, Bakris GL, Molitch M, Smulders M, Tian J, Williams LA, et al. Prevalence of abnormal serum vitamin D, PTH, calcium, and phosphorus in patients with chronic kidney disease: results of the study to evaluate early kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2007;71(1):31–8.
- Kim IY, Ye BM, Kim MJ, Kim SR, Lee DW, Kim HJ, et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D deficiency is independently associated with cardiac valve calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):1–9.
- Al-Badr W, Martin KJ. Vitamin D and kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(5):1555–60.
- Xu Y, Evans M, Carrero JJ, Soro M, Barany P. Secondary hyperparathyroidism and adverse health outcomes in adults with chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(10):2213–20.
- Geng S, Kuang Z, Peissig PL, Page D, Maursetter L, Hansen KE. Parathyroid hormone independently predicts fracture, vascular events, and death in patients with stage 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease. Osteoporos Int. 2019;30(10):2019–25.