Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Current and novel pharmacological therapeutic approaches in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. A brief review Cover

Current and novel pharmacological therapeutic approaches in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. A brief review

Open Access
|Oct 2021

References

  1. 1. Yehuda R, Hoge CW, McFarlane AC et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2015, 1:15057.10.1038/nrdp.2015.5727189040
  2. 2. Yehuda R, Lehrner A, Rosenbaum TY. PTSD and Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women. J Sex Med, 2015, 12(5):1107-19.10.1111/jsm.1285625847589
  3. 3. Watson P. PTSD as a Public Mental Health Priority, Curr Psychiatry Rep, 2019, 21(7):61.10.1007/s11920-019-1032-1
  4. 4. Benjet C, Bromet E, Karam EG, Kessler RC, et al. The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychol Med. 2016, 46(2):327-43.10.1017/S0033291715001981486997526511595
  5. 5. Krystal JH, Neumeister A. Noradrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms in the neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder and resilience. Brain Res, 2009, 1293:13-23.10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.044276167719332037
  6. 6. Stein DJ, Ipser JC, Seedat S. Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2006, 2006(1):CD002795.10.1002/14651858.CD002795.pub2699394816437445
  7. 7. Davidson JR. Remission in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): effects of sertraline as assessed by the Davidson Trauma Scale, Clinical Global Impressions and the Clinician-Administered PTSD scale. Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 2004, 19(2):85-7.10.1097/00004850-200403000-0000515076016
  8. 8. Dieperink M, Erbes C, Leskela J et al. Comparison of treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder among three Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers, Mil Med, 2005, 170(4):305-8.10.7205/MILMED.170.4.305
  9. 9. Bernardy NC, Hoge CW, & Friedman MJ. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the management of posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder. Washington, DC: United States Departments of Veterans Affairs and Defense, 2017, available at VA/DOD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder, accessed on 9th of June, 2021.
  10. 10. American Psychological Association. (2017), Clinical practice guideline for the treatment of posttraumatic stress dis order (PTSD) in adults. American Psychological Association Guideline Development Panel for the Treatment of PTSD in Adults, available at: https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/ptsd.pdf, accessed on 9th of June 2021.
  11. 11. Rauch SL, Shin LM, Phelps EA. Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and extinction: human neuroimaging research-past, present, and future. Biol Psychiatry, 2006, 60(4):376-82.10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.00416919525
  12. 12. Rauch SL, Shin LM, Whalen PJ, Pitman RK. Neuroimaging and the neuroanatomy of PTSD. CNS Spectr, 1998, 3(suppl 2):30 – 41.10.1017/S1092852900007306
  13. 13. Horn SR, Charney DS, Feder A. Understanding resilience: New approaches for preventing and treating PTSD. Exp Neurol, 2016, 284(Pt B):119-132.10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.00227417856
  14. 14. Abdallah CG, Averill LA, Akiki TJ et al. The Neurobiology and Pharmacotherapy of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 2019, 59:171-189.10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021701632688830216745
  15. 15. Rasmusson AM, Pineles SL. Neurotransmitter, Peptide, and Steroid Hormone Abnormalities in PTSD: Biological Endophenotypes Relevant to Treatment. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 2018, 20(7):52.10.1007/s11920-018-0908-9
  16. 16. Arnsten AF. Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2009, 10(6):410-22.10.1038/nrn2648
  17. 17. Birnbaum S, Gobeske KT, Auerbach J, Taylor JR, Arnsten AF. A role for norepinephrine in stress-induced cognitive deficits: alpha-1-adrenoceptor mediation in the prefrontal cortex. Biol Psychiatry, 1999, 46(9):1266-74.10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00138-9
  18. 18. Fitzgerald JM, DiGangi JA, Phan KL. Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotion and Its Regulation in PTSD. Harv Rev Psychiatry, 2018, 26(3):116-128.10.1097/HRP.0000000000000185594486329734226
  19. 19. Quinones MM, Gallegos AM, Lin FV, Heffner K. Dysregulation of inflammation, neurobiology, and cognitive function in PTSD: an integrative review. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci, 2020, 20(3):455-480.10.3758/s13415-020-00782-9768289432170605
  20. 20. Pan X, Wang Z, Wu X, Wen SW, Liu A. Salivary cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 2018, 18(1):324. doi: 10.1186/s12888-018-1910-9.10.1186/s12888-018-1910-9617386630290789
  21. 21. Speer KE, Semple S, Naumovski N, D’Cunha NM, McKune AJ. HPA axis function and diurnal cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Neurobiol Stress, 2019, 11:100180.10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100180658223831236437
  22. 22. Yehuda R, Flory JD, Bierer LM et al. Lower methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter 1F in peripheral blood of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 2015, 77(4):356-64.10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.02.00624661442
  23. 23. Bandelow B, Baldwin D, Abelli M et al. Biological markers for anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD: A consensus statement. Part II: Neurochemistry, neurophysiology and neurocognition. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;18(3):162-214.10.1080/15622975.2016.1190867534177127419272
  24. 24. Zohar J, Yahalom H, Kozlovsky N et al. High dose hydrocortisone immediately after trauma may alter the trajectory of PTSD: interplay between clinical and animal studies, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2011, (11):796-809.10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.06.00121741804
  25. 25. Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Bremner JD et al. Noradrenergic and serotonergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1997, 54(8):749-58.10.1001/archpsyc.1997.018302000830129283511
  26. 26. Kelmendi B, Adams TG, Yarnell S, Southwick S, Abdallah CG, Krystal JH. PTSD: from neurobiology to pharmacological treatments. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 2016, 7:31858.10.3402/ejpt.v7.31858510686527837583
  27. 27. Ramboz S, Oosting R, Amara DA et al. Serotonin receptor 1A knockout: an animal model of anxiety-related disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1998, 95(24):14476-81.10.1073/pnas.95.24.14476243989826725
  28. 28. Murrough JW, Czermak C, Henry S et al. The effect of early trauma exposure on serotonin type 1B receptor expression revealed by reduced selective radioligand binding. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2011, 68(9):892-900.10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.91324483621893657
  29. 29. Zohar J, Fostick L, Juven-Wetzler A et al. Secondary prevention of chronic PTSD by early and short-term administration of escitalopram: a prospective random ized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2018, 79(2):16m10730. doi: 10.4088/JCP.16m10730.10.4088/JCP.16m1073028703951
  30. 30. Miner LH, Jedema HP, Moore FW, Blakely RD, Grace AA, Sesack SR. Chronic stress increases the plasmalemmal distribution of the norepinephrine transporter and the coexpression of tyrosine hydroxylase in norepinephrine axons in the prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci, 2006, 26(5):1571-8.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4450-05.2006667548816452680
  31. 31. Krystal JH, Webb E, Cooney NL et al. Serotonergic and noradrenergic dysregulation in alcoholism: m-chlorophenylpiperazine and yohimbine effects in recently detoxified alcoholics and healthy comparison subjects. Am J Psychiatry, 1996, 153(1):83-92.10.1176/ajp.153.1.838540598
  32. 32. Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Morgan CA et al. Abnormal noradrenergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1993, 50(4):266-74.10.1001/archpsyc.1993.018201600360038466387
  33. 33. Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Chow Bet al. Trial of Prazosin for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(6):507-517.10.1056/NEJMoa150759829414272
  34. 34. Germain A, Richardson R, Moul DE et al. Placebo-controlled comparison of prazosin and cognitive-behavioral treatments for sleep disturbances in US Military Veterans. J Psychosom Res, 2012, 72(2):89-96.10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.11.010326796022281448
  35. 35. Brunet A, Saumier D, Liu A, Streiner DL, Tremblay J, Pitman RK. Reduction of PTSD Symptoms With Pre-Reactivation Propranolol Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Am J Psychiatry, 2018, 175(5):427-433.10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17050481
  36. 36. van Zuiden M, Frijling JL, Nawijn L et al. Intranasal Oxytocin to Prevent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Emergency Department Patients. Biol Psychiatry, 2017,81(12):1030-1040.10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.11.01228087128
  37. 37. Flanagan JC, Sippel LM, Wahlquist A, Moran-Santa Maria MM, Back SE. Augmenting Prolonged Exposure therapy for PTSD with intranasal oxytocin: A randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial. J Psychiatr Res, 2018, 98:64-69.10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.12.014580095129294429
  38. 38. Sippel LM, Allington CE, Pietrzak RH, Harpaz-Rotem I, Mayes LC, Olff M. Oxytocin and Stress-related Disorders: Neurobiological Mechanisms and Treatment Opportunities, Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks), 2017, 1:247054701668799.10.1177/2470547016687996548228528649672
  39. 39. Pitman RK, Rasmusson AM, Koenen KC et al. Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder, Nat Rev Neurosci, 2012,13(11):769-87.10.1038/nrn3339
  40. 40. Pennington DL, Abé C, Batki SL, Meyerhoff DJ. A preliminary examination of cortical neurotransmitter levels associated with heavy drinking in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res, 2014, 224(3):281-7.10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.09.004425445025444536
  41. 41. Hill MN, Campolongo P, Yehuda R, Patel S. Integrating Endocannabinoid Signaling and Cannabinoids into the Biology and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2018, 43(1):80-102.10.1038/npp.2017.162571909528745306
  42. 42. Bitencourt RM, Pamplona FA, Takahashi RN. Facilitation of contextual fear memory extinction and anti-anxiogenic effects of AM404 and cannabidiol in conditioned rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2008, 18(12):849-59.10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.07.00118706790
  43. 43. Assareh N, Gururajan A, Zhou C, Luo JL, Kevin RC, Arnold JC. Cannabidiol disrupts conditioned fear expression and cannabidiolic acid reduces trauma-induced anxiety-related behaviour in mice. Behav Pharmacol, 2020, 31(6):591-596.10.1097/FBP.000000000000056532483052
  44. 44. García-Gutiérrez MS, Navarrete F, Gasparyan A, Austrich-Olivares A, Sala F, Manzanares J. Cannabidiol: A Potential New Alternative for the Treatment of Anxiety, Depression, and Psychotic Disorders. Biomolecules, 2020, 10(11):1575.10.3390/biom10111575769961333228239
  45. 45. Elms L, Shannon S, Hughes S, Lewis N. Cannabidiol in the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Series. J Altern Complement Med. 2019, 25(4):392-397.10.1089/acm.2018.0437648291930543451
  46. 46. Berardi A, Schelling G, Campolongo P. The endocannabinoid system and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): From preclinical findings to innovative therapeutic approaches in clinical settings, Pharmacol Res. 2016, 111:668-678.10.1016/j.phrs.2016.07.02427456243
  47. 47. Bitencourt RM, Takahashi RN. Cannabidiol as a Therapeutic Alternative for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: From Bench Research to Confirmation in Human Trials. Front Neurosci, 2018, 12:502.10.3389/fnins.2018.00502606658330087591
  48. 48. Cannabidiol (CBD) Critical Review Report, World Health Organization, Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, Geneva, available at CANNABIDIOL (CBD) (who.int), accessed on 9th of June, 2021.
  49. 49. Britch SC, Babalonis S, Walsh SL. Cannabidiol: pharmacology and therapeutic targets. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2021, 238(1):9-28.10.1007/s00213-020-05712-8779692433221931
  50. 50. Sartori SB, Singewald N. Novel pharmacological targets in drug development for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. Pharmacol Ther, 2019, 204:107402.10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.10740231470029
  51. 51. Cameron C, Watson D, Robinson J. Use of a synthetic cannabinoid in a correctional population for posttraumatic stress disorder-related insomnia and nightmares, chronic pain, harm reduction, and other indications: a retrospective evaluation. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2014, 34(5):559-64.10.1097/JCP.0000000000000180416547124987795
  52. 52. Spindle TR, Cone EJ, Goffi E et al. Pharmacodynamic effects of vaporized and oral cannabidiol (CBD) and vaporized CBD-dominant cannabis in infrequent cannabis users. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2020, 211:107937.10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107937741480332247649
  53. 53. Young MB, Norrholm SD, Khoury LM et al. Inhibition of serotonin transporters disrupts the enhancement of fear memory extinction by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2017, 234(19):2883-2895.10.1007/s00213-017-4684-8569375528741031
  54. 54. Feduccia AA, Jerome L, Yazar-Klosinski B, Emerson A, Mithoefer MC, Doblin R. Breakthrough for Trauma Treatment: Safety and Efficacy of MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy Compared to Paroxetine and Sertraline. Front Psychiatry. 2019 Sep 12; 10:650.10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00650675138131572236
  55. 55. Mithoefer MC, Wagner MT, Mithoefer AT, Jerome L, Doblin R. The safety and efficacy of {+/-}3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study. J Psychopharmacol, 2011, 25(4):439-52.10.1177/0269881110378371312237920643699
  56. 56. Mithoefer MC, Wagner MT, Mithoefer AT et al. Durability of improvement in post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and absence of harmful effects or drug dependency after 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy: a prospective long-term follow-up study. J Psychopharmacol, 2013, 27(1):28-39.10.1177/0269881112456611357367823172889
  57. 57. Jerome L, Feduccia AA, Wang JB et al. Long-term follow-up outcomes of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of PTSD: a longitudinal pooled analysis of six phase 2 trials. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2020, 237(8):2485-2497.10.1007/s00213-020-05548-2735184832500209
  58. 58. Illingworth BJ, Lewis DJ, Lambarth AT et al. A comparison of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy to non-assisted psychotherapy in treatment-resistant PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol, 2021, 35(5):501-511.10.1177/026988112096591533345689
  59. 59. Schenk S, Newcombe D. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in Psychiatry: Pros, Cons, and Suggestions. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2018, 38(6):632-638.10.1097/JCP.000000000000096230303861
  60. 60. Morgan L. MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for people diagnosed with treatment-resistant PTSD: what it is and what it isn’t. Ann Gen Psychiatry, 2020, 19:33.10.1186/s12991-020-00283-6721863332435270
  61. 61. Jîtcă G, Ősz BE, Tero-Vescan A, Vari CE. Psychoactive Drugs-From Chemical Structure to Oxidative Stress Related to Dopaminergic Neurotransmission. A Review, Antioxidants (Basel), 2021,10(3):381.10.3390/antiox10030381800078233806320
  62. 62. de la Torre R, Farré M. Neurotoxicity of MDMA (ecstasy): the limitations of scaling from animals to humans. Trends Pharmacol Sci, 2004, 25(10):505-8.10.1016/j.tips.2004.08.00115380932
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amma-2021-0023 | Journal eISSN: 2668-7763 | Journal ISSN: 2668-7755
Language: English
Page range: 143 - 148
Submitted on: Jun 26, 2021
Accepted on: Aug 26, 2021
Published on: Oct 5, 2021
Published by: University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2021 Carmen-Maria Rusz, George Jîtcă, Amalia Miklos, Mădălina-Georgiana Bătrînu, Bianca Eugenia Ősz, Silvia Imre, published by University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.