Association Between Serum Vitamin D, Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
References
- Dłuski DF, Ruszała M, Rudzinski G, et al. Evolution of gestational diabetes mellitus across continents in the 21st century. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(23):15804. doi:10.3390/ijerph192315804
- Mittal R, Prasad K, Lemos JRN, et al. Unveiling gestational diabetes: an overview of pathophysiology and management. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(5):2320. doi:10.3390/ijms26052320
- Lin C, Liu H. Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and gestational diabetes: a narrative review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:1504930. doi:10.3389/fen-do.2024.1504930
- American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: standards of medical care in diabetes—2022. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(Suppl 1):S232-S243. doi:10.2337/dc22-S015
- Zhang T, Yang L, Yang S, Gao S. Vitamin D on the susceptibility of gestational diabetes mellitus: a mini-review. Front Nutr. 2025;12:1514148. doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1514148
- Hod M, Kapur A, Sacks DA, et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: a pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015;131(Suppl 3):S173-S211. doi:10.1016/S0020-7292 (15)30007-2
- Maghbooli Z, Hossein-Nezhad A, Karimi F, Shafaei A, Larijani B. Correlation between vitamin D3 deficiency and insulin resistance in pregnancy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008;24(1):27-32. doi:10.1002/dmrr.737
- Choudhury AA, Devi Rajeswari V. Gestational diabetes mellitus: a metabolic and reproductive disorder. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021 ;143:112183. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112183
- Leoni M, Padilla N, Fabbri A et al. Mechanisms of insulin resistance during pregnancy. In: Infante M, editor. Evolving concepts in insulin resistance. London: IntechOpen; 2022. doi:10.5772/intechopen.107907
- Lee J, Lee NK, Moon JH. Gestational diabetes mellitus: mechanisms underlying maternal and fetal complications. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2025;40(1):10-25. doi:10.3803/EnM.2024.2264
- Li J, Zhang Q, Wang X et al. Association between inflammatory biomarkers and gestational diabetes mellitus in women aged 20–44: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES 2007–2018. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2025;41(1):2487492. doi:10.1080/09513590.2025.2487492
- Kim KS, Park SW, Cho YW, Kim SK. Vitamin D deficiency at mid-pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of postpartum glucose intolerance in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2020;35(1):97-105. doi:10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.97
- Fuentes-Barría H, Aguilera-Eguía R, Flores-Fernández C, et al. Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes mellitus: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications – a narrative review. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(5):2153. doi:10.3390/ijms26052153
- Kirovakov Z, Petkova E. Impact of vitamin D deficiency on pregnancy outcomes: can we manage it effectively? J Biol Clin Res. 2025;18:271-281. doi:10.3897/jbcr.e166383
- Argano C, Mirarchi L, Amodeo S et al. The role of vitamin D and its molecular bases in insulin resistance, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease: state of the art. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(20):15485. doi:10.3390/ ijms242015485
- Taneera J, Yaseen D, Youssef M, et al. Vitamin D augments insulin secretion via calcium influx and upregulation of voltage-gated calcium channels: findings from INS-1 cells and human islets. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2025;599:112472. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2025.112472
- Calle C, Maestro B, García-Arencibia M. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 effects on the regulation of the insulin receptor gene in the hind limb muscle and heart of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Am J Mol Biol. 2013;3(2):87-97. doi:10.4236/ ajmb.2013.32012
- Wu J, Atkins A, Downes M, Wei Z. Vitamin D in diabetes: uncovering the sunshine hormone’s role in glucose metabolism and beyond. Nutrients. 2023;15(8):1997. doi:10.3390/nu15081997
- Diniz MDFHS, Beleigoli AMR, Schmidt MI, et al. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAIR) and metabolic syndrome at baseline of a multicentric Brazilian cohort: ELSA-Brasil study. Cad Saude Publica. 2020;36(8):e00072120. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00072120
- Silva CM, Arnegard ME, Maric-Bilkan C. Dysglycemia in pregnancy and maternal/fetal outcomes. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2021;30(2):187-193. doi:10.1089/jwh.2020.8853
- Lee JH, Jeon S, Joung B, et al. Associations of homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance trajectories with cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2023;43(9):1719-1728. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.123.319200
- Nasser A, Papandreou D, Papadopoulou SK, Cheikh Ismail L. The role of vitamin D supplementation in type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes: a comprehensive updated narrative review. Clin Pract (Basel). 2025;15(8):148. doi:10.3390/clinpract15080148
- Chen W, Luo M, Guo J, et al. Metabolic pathways mediating insulin resistance and gestational diabetes mellitus discovered by high-dimensional systematic Mendelian randomization. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24(1):195. doi:10.1186/s12933-025-02746-0
- Zhang L, Yan X, Zheng W, et al. Assessment of first-trimester insulin resistance indices for gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. J Endocrinol Invest. 2025;48(9):2167-2176. doi:10.1007/s40618-025-02630-4
- Ellerbrock J, Spaanderman B, van Drongelen J, et al. Role of beta-cell function and insulin resistance in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus. Nutrients. 2022;14(12):2444. doi:10.3390/nu14122444
- Eleftheriades M, Chatzakis C, Papachatzopoulou E, et al. Prediction of insulin treatment in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Nutr Diabetes. 2021 ;11 (1):30. doi:10.1038/ s41387-021-00173-0
- Wu H, Chen D, Li X, et al. A novel single-test approach for GDM diagnosis: identification and prediction of high-risk postprandial hyperglycemia. Metabolites. 2025;16(1):27. doi:10.3390/metabo16010027
- Kanwar JB, Manglunia A, Mangaraj S, et al. Clinical and biochemical markers in early pregnancy for prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2025;29(1):108-115. doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_492_23
- Balogh Z, Csehely S, Orosz M, et al. Relations of insulin resistance, body weight, vitamin D deficiency, SHBG and androgen levels in PCOS patients. Biomedicines. 2025;13(8):1803. doi:10.3390/biomedicines13081803
- Trimarco V, Manzi MV, Mancusi C, et al. Insulin resistance and vitamin D deficiency: a link beyond the appearances. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:859793. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.859793
- Mohd Ghozali N, Giribabu N, Salleh N. Mechanisms linking vitamin D deficiency to impaired metabolism: an overview. Int J Endocrinol. 2022;2022:1-16. doi:10.1155/2022/6453882
- Ehrampoush E, Minzay Razzaz J, Arjmand H, et al. The association of vitamin D levels and insulin resistance. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021;42:325-332. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.01.012
- Genova M, Atanasova B, Ivanova I, et al. Trace elements and vitamin D in gestational diabetes. Acta Med Bulg. 2018;45(1):45-49. doi:10.2478/amb-2018-0009
- Kirovakov Z, Stoilov B, Anzaar A. Predictive power of bio-markers in preeclampsia in singleton pregnancies: a comprehensive review of current evidence and future directions. Acta Med Bulg. 2025;52(4):90-98. doi:10.2478/amb-2025-0082
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amb-2026-0072 | Journal eISSN: 2719-5384 (formerly 0324-1750) | Journal ISSN: 0324-1750
Language: English
Page range: 48 - 54
Submitted on: Mar 19, 2026
Accepted on: May 15, 2026
Published on: Sep 14, 2026
Published by: Medical University - Sofia
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Related subjects:
© 2026 Z. Kirovakov, M. Obreykova, N. Kostadinov, A. Jovanovska-Kirovakova, E. Gyokova, published by Medical University - Sofia
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.