Significance and Applicability of Some Inflammatory Markers in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
References
- Neuen BL, Chadban SJ, Demaio AR, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the global NCDs agenda. BMJ Glob Health. 2017 Jul 6;2(2):e000380. doi: 10.1136/bm-jgh-2017-000380.
- Jager KJ, Kovesdy C, Langham R, et al. A single number for advocacy and communication-worldwide more than 850 million individuals have kidney diseases. Kidney Int. 2019 Nov;96(5):1048-1050. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.07.012.
- Bello AK, Okpechi IG, Osman MA, et al. Epidemiology of haemodialysis outcomes. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2022;18(6):378-395.
- United States Renal Data System. 2020 USRDS Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. (National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 2020). https://usrds-adr.niddk.nih.gov/2022
- Borisov B, Doroteya K. Changes in innate immunity in patients with chronic kidney disease. Current Trends in Immunology. 2021,2, 35-41.
- Eleftheriadis T, Liakopoulos V, Leivaditis K, et al. Infections in hemodialysis: a concise review - Part 1: bacteremia and respiratory infections. Hippokratia. 2011 ;15(1) :12-17.
- Johansen K, Gilbertson D, Shuling L, et al. US Renal Data System 2023 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2024;83(4):A8-A13.
- Silberzweig, J. Reducing Infections in Outpatient Hemodialysis: The Impact of Human Factors. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2024;84(1):4-5
- Espi M, Koppe L, Fouque D, Thaunat O. Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Immune Dysfunctions: Impact of Protein- Bound Uremic Retention Solutes on Immune Cells. Toxins (Basel). 2020;12(5):300.
- Espi M, Charmetant X, Fusil F, et al. Chronic Kidney Disease- Associated Defect in Humoral Immune Response Is Driven by Inflammation. Toxins 2026, 18, 104.
- Fan SL, Miller NS, Lee J, Remick DG. Diagnosing sepsis – The role of laboratory medicine. Clin Chim Acta. 2016; 460:203-210.
- Jungen MJ, Ter Meulen BC, van Osch T, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers in patients with sciatica: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20(1):156.
- Luan YY, Yao YM. The Clinical Significance and Potential Role of C-Reactive Protein in Chronic Inflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1302.
- Li J, Hu L, Li L. C-Reactive Protein, Procalcitonin, and a Novel Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Target of Thrombocytopenia in Sepsis. Emerg Med Int. 2022; 2022:2498435.
- Le Moullec JM, Jullienne A, Chenais J, et al. The complete sequence of human preprocalcitonin. FEBS Lett. 1984;167(1): 93-97.
- Assicot M, Gendrel D, Carsin H, et al. High serum procalcitonin concentrations in patients with sepsis and infection. Lancet. 1993; 341(8844): 515-518.
- Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F. Procalcitonin in inflammatory bowel disease: Drawbacks and opportunities. World J Gastroenterol. 2017; 23(47): 8283-8290.
- Kip MMA, van Oers JA, Shajiei A, et al. Cost-effectiveness of procalcitonin testing to guide antibiotic treatment duration in critically ill patients: results from a randomised controlled multicentre trial in the Netherlands. Crit Care. 2018; 22(1): 293.
- Ivanov N, Mihailova S, Bilyukov R, et al. Changes in the cytokine profile in patients during COVID-19 infection. Acta Medica Bulgarica, 2023, 50 (4):5-12.
- Abe R, Oda S, Sadahiro T, et al. Gram-negative bacteremia induces greater magnitude of inflammatory response than Gram-positive bacteremia. Crit Care. 2010;14(2): R27.
- Keman KF, Carcillo JA. Hyperferritinemia and inflammation. Int Immunol. 2017;29(9):401-409.
- Gupta J, Mitra N, Kanetsky PA, et al. CRIC Study Investigators. Association between albuminuria, kidney function, and inflammatory biomarker profile in CKD in CRIC. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7:1938-1946.
- Isaka Y, Takabatake Y, Takahashi A, et al. Hyperuricemia- induced inflammasome and kidney diseases. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016;31(6):890-896.
- Gavrailova M, Elenkova A, Robeva R. Differences in metabolic parameters in patients with different degrees of obesity. Acta Medica Bulgarica, 2026, 53 (2):22-28.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amb-2026-0070 | Journal eISSN: 2719-5384 (formerly 0324-1750) | Journal ISSN: 0324-1750
Language: English
Page range: 34 - 38
Submitted on: Mar 17, 2026
Accepted on: May 15, 2026
Published on: Sep 14, 2026
Published by: Medical University - Sofia
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 S. Aleksandrova, S. Linkova, N. Ramadan, E. Mineva-Dimitrova, B. Borisov, published by Medical University - Sofia
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.