Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Current Therapeutic Approaches to Cerebral Metastases in Melanoma Patients Cover

Current Therapeutic Approaches to Cerebral Metastases in Melanoma Patients

Open Access
|Jun 2026

References

  1. Tchernev G, Oliveira N, Kandathil LJ, et al. Personalised one step melanoma surgery and the outdated/current guidelines for surgical treatment of cutaneous melanoma: Facts and Controversies. Acta Medica Bulgarica, 2022,49(2): 51-58..
  2. Long GV, Swetter SM, Menzies AM, et al. Cutaneous melanoma. Lancet., 2023, 402(10400):485-502.
  3. Boire A, Brastianos PK, Garzia L, Valiente M. Brain metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer., 2020, 20(1):4-11.
  4. Caulfield Jl, Kluger HM. Emerging Studies of Melanoma Brain Metastasis. Curr Oncol Rep., 2022, 24(5):585-594.
  5. Gaydarski L, Kolev D, Popov D, et al. Spinal Complications of Melanoma: A Case of Acute Paraplegia. Cureus, 2024, 16(10): e71676.
  6. Mitrovic V, Bascarevic V, Stolic R. Foramen magnum meningioma with atypical clinical presentation: a case report. Acta Medica Bulgaria, 2025, 52 (s1): 56-60.
  7. Jain Y, Ajila V, Babu GS, et al. Rhinomaxillary mucormycosis impersonating as chronic osteomyelitis: a rare case report with cone beam computed tomography as diagnostic aid. Acta Medica Bulgaria, 2025, 52 (s1): 89-93
  8. Colombino M, Casula M, Paliogiannis P, et al. Heterogeneous pathogenesis of melanoma: BRAF mutations and beyond. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol., 2024, 201:104435.
  9. Hasanov M, Acikgoz Y, Davies MA. Melanoma Brain Metastasis: Biology and Therapeutic Advances. Flematol Oncol Clin North Am., 2024, 38(5): 1027-1043.
  10. Kleffman K, Levinson G, Rose I, et al. Melanoma-Secreted Amyloid Beta Suppresses Neuroinflammation and Promotes Brain Metastasis. Cancer Discov., 2022,12(5):1314-1335.
  11. Fonkem E, Uhlmann EJ, Floyd SR, et al. Melanoma brain metastasis: overview of current management and emerging targeted therapies. Expert Rev Neurother., 2012,12(10):1207-15.
  12. Bechev K, Stoitsev Ts, Markov D, et al. HYPERLINK “https://journals.mu-sofia.bg/index.php/amb/article/view/214” A rare neurosurgical challenge:brain meningioma with epidural hematoma.Acta Medica Bulgarica, 2025, 52 (1): 24-30.
  13. Queirolo P, Spagnolo F, Ascierto PA, et al. Efficacy and safety of ipilimumab in patients with advanced melanoma and brain metastases. J Neuro Oncol, 2014, 118(1): 109-116.
  14. Wolchok JD, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, et al. Long-term outcomes with nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone versus ipilimumab in patients with advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol, 2022, 40(2):127-137.
  15. Tawbi HA, Forsyth PA, Algazi A, et al. Combined nivolumab and ipilimumab in melanoma metastatic to the brain. N Engl J Med, 2018, 379(8):722-730.
  16. Long GV, Atkinson V, Lo S, et al. Combination nivolumab and ipilimumab or nivolumab alone in melanoma brain metastases: a multicentre randomised phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol., 2018, 19(5):672-681.
  17. Di Giacomo AM, Chiarion-Sileni V, Vecchio M, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in melanoma patients with asymptomatic brain metastases: 7-year outcomes and quality of life from the multicenter phase III NIBIT-M2 trial. Eur J Cancer, 2024, 199:113531.
  18. Tawbi HA, Schadendorf D, Upson EJ, et al. Relatlimab and Nivolumab versus Nivolumab in Untreated Advanced Melanoma N Engl J Med, 2022, 386(1): 24-34.
  19. Long GV, Trefeer U, Davies MA, et al. Dabrafenib in patients with Val600Glu or Val600Lys BRAF-mutant melanoma metastatic to the brain (BREAK-MB): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2012,13(11): 1087-1095.
  20. McArthur GA, Maio M, Arance A, et al. Vemurafenib in metastatic melanoma patients with brain metastases: an open-label, single- amn, phase 2, multicentre study. Ann Oncol, 2017,28(3):634-641.
  21. Davies MA, Saiag P, Robert C, et al. Dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with BRAF(V600) -mutant melanoma brain metastases (COMBI-MB): a multicentre, multicohort, open- label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2017,18(7): 863-873.
  22. Dummer R, Queirolo P, Gerard Duhard P, et al. Atezolizumab, vemurafenib, and cobimetinib in patients with melanoma with CNS metastases (TRICOTEL): a multicentre, open-label, singlearm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol, 2023,24(12): e461-e471.
  23. Ascierto PA, Mandald M, Ferrucci PF, et al. Sequencing of Ipilimumab Plus Nivolumab and Encorafenib Plus Binimetinib for Untreated BRAF-Mutated Metastatic Melanoma (SECOM-BIT): A Randomized, Three-Arm, Open-Label Phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol., 2023, 41(2):212-221.
  24. Franken MG, Leeneman B, Gheorghe M, et al. A systematic literature review and network meta-analysis of effectiveness and safety outcomes in advanced melanoma. Eur J Cancer., 2019, 123:58-71.
  25. Vbsilev P, Ramadan S, Yordanova I, et al. Erythema multiforme-like eruption induced after immune checkpoint inhibitor and target tgerapy in a patient with malignant melanoma- a case report. Acta Medica Bulgarica. Sdendo, 2025, 52 (s1): 50-55
  26. Bernard ME, Wegner RE, Reineman K, et al. Linear accelerator based stereotactic radiosurgery for melanoma brain metastases. J Cancer Res Therapeut, 2012, 8(2): 215-221.
  27. Mori Y, Kondziolka D, Flickinger JC, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral metastatic melanoma: factors affecting local disease control and survival Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1998, 42(3): 581-589.
  28. Hong AM, Fogarty GB, Dolven-Jacobsen K, et al. Adjuvant whole- brain radiation therapy compared with observation after local treatment of melanoma brain metastases: a multicenter, randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol, 2019,37:(33): 3132-3141.
  29. Skrepnik T, Sundararajan S, Cui H, et al. Improved time to disease progression in the brain in patients with melanoma brain metastases treated with concurrent delivery of radiosurgery and ipilimumab. Oncolmmunology, 2017, 6(3): e1283461.
  30. Lehrer EJ, Peterson J, Brown PD, et al. Treatment of brain metastases with stereotactic radiosurgery and immune checkpoint inhibitors: An international meta-analysis of individual patient data. Radiother Oncol, 2019,130:104-112.
  31. Phillips WJ, Baghai T, Ong M, et al. Contemporary Report of Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Melanoma Brain Metastases. Curr Oncol., 2021, 28(1):428-439.
  32. Tio M, Wang X, Carlino MS, et al. Survival and prognostic factors for patients with melanoma brain metastases in the era of modern systemic therapy. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 2018, 31(4):509-515.
  33. Alvarez-Breckenridge C, Giobbie-Hurder A, Gill CM, et al. Upfront surgical resection of melanoma brain metastases provides a bridge toward immunotherapy-mediated systemic control. Oncol, 2019, 24(5):671-679.
  34. Sun C, España S, Richarz N, et al. Targeted therapy or immunotherapy in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a Spanish center’s decade of experience. Front Oncol., 2024,14:1322116.
  35. Chen C, Wang Z, Qin YR. Health-related quality of life in stage III-IV melanoma treated with targeted therapy or immunotherapy: A systematic review on the adequacy of reporting and clinical issues in phase III randomized controlled trials. Cancer Med., 2023,12(3):2262-2280.
  36. Gruber I, Weidner K, Treutwein M, Koelbl O. Stereotactic radiosurgery of brain metastases: a retrospective study. Radiat Oncol., 2023, 18(1):202.
  37. Knox A, Wang T, Shackleton M, Ameratunga M. Symptomatic brain metastases in melanoma. Exp Dermatol., 2024, 33(4):e15075.
  38. Tringale KR, Reiner AS, Sehgal RR, et al. Efficacy of immunotherapy for melanoma brain metastases in patients with concurrent corticosteroid exposure. CNS Oncol., 2023,12(1):CNS93.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amb-2026-0063 | Journal eISSN: 2719-5384 | Journal ISSN: 0324-1750
Language: English
Page range: 74 - 81
Submitted on: Aug 28, 2025
Accepted on: Sep 12, 2025
Published on: Jun 16, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 D. Slavkov, P. Troyanova, Sv. Troyanova-Slavkova, published by Medical University - Sofia
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.