Febrile Maculopapular Exanthem Associated with Influenza a Subtype H3N2 Viral Infection: A Rare Manifestation and a Review of the Literature
By: B. Koyutourk, E. Direnç, M. Ergören and H. Süer
References
- Uyeki TM, Hui DS, Zambon M, et al. Influenza. The Lancet. 2022;400(10353):693-706.
- Fall A, Han L, Yunker M, et al. Evolution of Influenza A (H3N2) viruses in 2 consecutive seasons of genomic surveillance, 2021-2023. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023; 10(12):ofad577.
- Rosenberg M, Tram C, KuperA, Daneman N. Rash associated with pandemic (H1N1) influenza. CMAJ. 2010;182(3):E146.
- Muzumdar S, Rothe MJ, Grant-Kels JM. The rash with maculopapules and fever in adults. Clin Dermatol. 2019;37(2): 109-118.
- Flores AR, Caserta MT. Pharyngitis. In: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 2014. p. 753.
- Belongia EA, McLean HQ. Influenza vaccine effectiveness: defining the H3N2 problem. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69(10):1817-1823.
- Murray J, Martin DE, Sancilio FD, Tripp RA. Antiviral activity of probenecid and oseltamivir on influenza virus replication. Viruses. 2023;15(12):2366.
- Koul PA, Khan UH, Shah TH, Bagdadi F. Skin rash and sub-conjunctival haemorrhage in an adult with pandemic H1N1 influenza. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013:bcr2013010216.
- Fretzayas A, Moustaki M, Kotzia D, Nicolaidou P. Rash, an uncommon but existing feature of H1N1 influenza among children. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2011 ;5(4):223.
- Shachor-Meyouhas Y, Kassis I. Petechial rash with pandemic influenza (H1N1) infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29(5):480.
- Huber LC, Kamarachev J, Maggiorini M, Muller V. Skin rash in a patient with A(H1N1) infection. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36(10):1793-1794.
- UrsoR, Bevilacqua N, Gentile M.etal. Pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection associated with purpuric skin lesions: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2011;5(1):132.
- Martini L, Feszak I, Brzezinski P. AH3N2 influenza: dermatological manifestations and the role of topical natural remedies in treatment. Our Dermatol Online. 2025;16(e):e10.
- Metodiev D, Toshev Y, Anachkov K, et al. Three cases of encephalopathy/disseminated encephalomyelitis in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Acta Med Bulg. 2022;49:(1):51-56.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Influenza A (H3N2) variant virus-related hospitalizations - Ohio, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(38):764-767.
- Skowronski DM, Chambers C, Osei W, et al. Case series of rash associated with influenza B in school children. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2015;9(1):32-37.
- Dobson J, Whitley RJ, PocockS, MontoAS. Oseltamivir treatment for influenza in adults: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The Lancet. 2015;385(9979):1729-1737.
- George ST, Lai J, Ma J, et al. Neutrophils and influenza: a thin line between helpful and harmful. Vaccines. 2021;9(6):597.
Language: English
Page range: 59 - 63
Submitted on: Dec 19, 2025
Accepted on: Apr 4, 2026
Published on: Jun 16, 2026
Published by: Medical University - Sofia
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 B. Koyutourk, E. Direnç, M. Ergören, H. Süer, published by Medical University - Sofia
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.