Hidden Signals in Placental Biochemistry: Papp-A Mom as an Early Indicator of Trisomy 21

Sv. Kliment Ohridski University, High Medical School, PHO Clinical Hospital Dr. Trifun Panovski, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bitola, North Macedonia

B. K. Trifunova

Acibadem City Clinic UMHAT Tokuda, Department of Dermatovenerology – Sofia, Bulgaria

F. Ilkovski

High Medical School Dr. Trifun Panovski, Bitola –, North Macedonia

D. Gramatkovski

Sv. Kliment Ohridski University, High Medical School, PHO Clinical Hospital Dr. Trifun Panovski, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bitola, North Macedonia

M. Avramovska

Sv. Kliment Ohridski University, High Medical School, PHO Clinical Hospital Dr. Trifun Panovski, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bitola, North Macedonia

P. Avramovski

PHO Clinical Hospital Dr. Trifun Panovski, Department of Internal Medicine, Bitola, North Macedonia

L. Todorovska

PHO Clinical Hospital Dr. Trifun Panovski, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bitola, North Macedonia

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amb-2026-0057 | Journal eISSN: 2719-5384 | Journal ISSN: 0324-1750

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Language: English

Page range: 36 - 43

Submitted on: Oct 15, 2025

Accepted on: Jan 23, 2026

Published on: Jun 16, 2026

Published by: Medical University - Sofia

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Trisomy 21,

PAPP-A,

first-trimester screening,

maternal age,

nuchal translucency

Related subjects:

Medicine,

Basic medical science,

Immunology,

Clinical medicine,

Clinical medicine, other

© 2026 B. Ilkovska, B. K. Trifunova, F. Ilkovski, D. Gramatkovski, M. Avramovska, P. Avramovski, L. Todorovska, published by Medical University - Sofia
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 53 (2026): Issue 2 (June 2026)