Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Differences in Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Different Degrees of Obesity Cover

Differences in Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Different Degrees of Obesity

By: ,   and    
Open Access
|Jun 2026

References

  1. Hammarstedt A, Gogg S, Hedjazifar S, et al. Impaired Adipogenesis and Dysfunctional Adipose Tissue in Human Hypertrophic Obesity. Physiol Rev. 2018; 98(4):1911-1941.
  2. Church T, Martin CK. The Obesity Epidemic: A Consequence of Reduced Energy Expenditure and the Uncoupling of Energy Intake? Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018; 26(1):14-16.
  3. Rosen ED, Spiegelman BM. What we talk about when we talk about fat. Cell. 2014;156(1-2):20-44.
  4. Harvey I, Boudreau A, Stephens JM. Adipose tissue in health and disease. Open Biol. 2020; 10(12):200291.
  5. The World Health Organization, Obesity and Overweight. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight\
  6. Gaskin CJ, Cooper K, Stephens LD, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of overweight and obesity published internationally: A scoping review. Obes Rev. 2024;25(5):e13700.
  7. Bray GA, Kim KK, Wilding JPH. World Obesity Federation. Obesity: a chronic relapsing, progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation. Obes Rev. 2017; 18(7):715-723.
  8. Busetto L, Dicker D, FrUhbeck G, et al. A new framework for the diagnosis, staging and management of obesity in adults. Nat Med. 2024; 30(9):2395-2399.
  9. Ndumele CE, Neeland IJ, Tuttle KR, et al. A Synopsis of the Evidence for the Science and Clinical Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023; 148(20): 1636-1664.
  10. Rubino F, Cummings DE, Eckel RH, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025;13(3):221-262.
  11. Romeo St, Vidal-Puig A, Husain M, et al. Clinical staging to guide management of metabolic disorders and their sequelae: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement, European Heart Journal, Volume 46, Issue 38, 7 October 2025, Pages 3685-3713, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf314
  12. Ortega FB, Sui X, Lavie CJ, et al. Body Mass Index, the Most Widely Used But Also Widely Criticized Index: Would a Criterion Standard Measure of Total Body Fat Be a Better Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality? Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(4):443-55.
  13. Flint AJ, Rexrode KM, Hu FB, et al. Body mass index, waist circumference, and risk of coronary heart disease: a prospective study among men and women. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2010; 4(3):e171-e181.
  14. Zhang J, Jiang H, Chen J. Combined effect of body mass index and metabolic status on the risk of prevalent and incident chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017; 8(22):35619-35629.
  15. Mathew H, Farr OM, Mantzoros CS. Metabolic health and weight: Understanding metabolically unhealthy normal weight or metabolically healthy obese patients. Metabolism. 2016; 65(1):73-80.
  16. Oguoma VM, Abu-Farha M, Coffee NT, et al. Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Obese Phenotypes among Arabs and South Asians: Prevalence and Relationship with Cardiometabolic Indicators. Nutrients. 2022; 14(5):915.
  17. Gao M, Lv J, Yu C, et al. Metabolically healthy obesity, transition to unhealthy metabolic status, and vascular disease in Chinese adults: A cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020; 17(10):e1003351.
  18. De Lorenzo A, Gratteri S, Gualtieri P, et al. Why primary obesity is a disease? J Transl Med. 2019; 17(1):169.
  19. The International Diabetes Federation - [Internet], Available from: https://idf.org/media/uploads/2023/05/attachments-30.pdf
  20. The American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care. 2020; 43(Suppl 1):S14-S31.
  21. Bedogni G, Bellentani S, Miglioli L, et al. The Fatty Liver Index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population. BMC Gastroenterol. 2006; 6:33.
  22. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002; 106(25):3143-421.
  23. Yoo TW, Sung KC, Shin HS, et al. Relationship between serum uric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Circ J. 2005; 69(8):928-33.
  24. Ishizaka N, Ishizaka Y, Toda E, et al. Association between serum uric acid, metabolic syndrome, and carotid atherosclerosis in Japanese individuals. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol. 2005; 25(5): 1038-44.
  25. Boyko EJ, de Courten M, Zimmet PZ, et al. Features of the metabolic syndrome predict higher risk of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance: a prospective study in Mauritius. Diabetes Care. 2000; 23(9):1242-8.
  26. Lim JH, Kim YK, Kim YS, et al. Relationship between serum uric Acid levels, metabolic syndrome, and arterial stiffness in korean. Korean Circ J. 2010; 40(7):314-20.
  27. Lee HJ, Park HT, Cho GJ, et al. Relationship between uric acid and metabolic syndrome according to menopausal status. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2011; 27(6):406-11.
  28. Li Y, Chen S, Shao X, et al. Association of uric acid with metabolic syndrome in men, premenopausal women and post-menopausal women. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014; 11(3):2899-910.
  29. Feng X, Yang Y, Xie H, et al. The Association Between Hyperuricemia and Obesity Metabolic Phenotypes in Chinese General Population: A Retrospective Analysis. Front Nutr. 2022; 9:773220.
  30. He SJ, Chan C, Xie ZD, et al. The relationship between serum uric acid and metabolic syndrome in premenopausal and postmenopausal women in the Jinchang Cohort. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2017; 33(2):141-144.
  31. Bonora E, Kiechl S, Willeit J, et al. Prevalence of insulin resistance in metabolic disorders: the Bruneck Study. Diabetes. 1998; 47(10): 1643-9.
  32. Lavrenova EA, Drapkina OM. Insulin resistance in obesity: pathogenesis and effects. Obesity and metabolism. 2020;17(1):48-55.https://doi.org/10.14341/omet9759
  33. Skarfors ET, Selinus Kl, Lithell HO. Risk factors for developing non-insulin dependent diabetes: a 10 year follow up of men in Uppsala. BMJ. 1991;303(6805):755-60.
  34. Zhou Y, Zhao M, Pu Z, et al. Relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation in hyperuricemia: Analysis based on asymptomatic young patients with primary hyperuricemia. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018; 97(49):e13108.
  35. Zhi L, Yuzhang Z, Tianliang H, et al. High Uric Acid Induces Insulin Resistance in Cardiomyocytes In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS One. 2016; 11(2):e0147737.
  36. Litwin M, Kutaga Z. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and primary hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol. 2021; 36(4):825-837.
  37. Hirata A, Sugiyama D, Kuwabara K, et al. Fatty liver index predicts incident diabetes in a Japanese general population with and without impaired fasting glucose. Hepatol Res. 2018; 48(9):708-716.
  38. Park SH, Park J, Kim H, et al. The association of fatty liver index and metabolic syndrome with cardiovascular outcomes, liver-related mortality, and all-cause mortality: a nationwide cohort study. Intern Emerg Med. 2025; 20(1):105-117.
  39. Waring AC, Rodondi N, Harrison S, et al. Thyroid function and prevalent and incident metabolic syndrome in older adults: the Health, Ageing and Body Composition Study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012; 76(6):911-8.
  40. Song B, Lu C, Teng D, et al. Association between different metabolic phenotypes of obesity and thyroid disorders among Chinese adults: a nationwide cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023; 14:1158013.
  41. Ghamari-Langroudi M, Vella KR, Srisai D, et al. Regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-expressing neurons in para-ventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus by signals of adiposity. Mol Endocrinol. 2010; 24(12):2366-81.
  42. Lin H, Zhang L, Zheng R, et al. The prevalence, metabolic risk and effects of lifestyle intervention for metabolically healthy obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis: A PRISMA-compliant article. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017; 96(47) :e8838.
  43. Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Nuotio ML, Slagter SN, et al. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolically healthy obesity in Europe: a collaborative analysis often large cohort studies. BMC Endocr Disord. 2014; 14:9.
  44. Kabat GC, WU WY, Bea JW, et al. Metabolic phenotypes of obesity: frequency, correlates and change over time in a cohort of postmenopausal women. Int J Obes (Lond). 2017; 41(1):170-177.
  45. Crintea IN, Cindrea AC, Fulga TF, et al. Obesity Class and Severity of Metabolic Emergencies: A Single-Center Retrospective Five-Year Study. Healthcare (Basel). 2025; 13(6):617.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amb-2026-0055 | Journal eISSN: 2719-5384 | Journal ISSN: 0324-1750
Language: English
Page range: 22 - 28
Submitted on: Dec 10, 2025
Accepted on: Dec 19, 2025
Published on: Jun 16, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 M. Gavrailova, A. Elenkova, R. Robeva, published by Medical University - Sofia
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.