Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition of the gums. Without treatment, it would inevitably result in tooth loss and contribute to systemic health illnesses, such as diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and respiratory illnesses. Environmental and lifestyle factors greatly contribute to the onset of the disease. However, environmental factors and chronic diseases are not the only factors contributing to periodontitis. The importance of genetics in the etiology of this disorder is widely accepted, as each individual is at different risk of developing periodontal disease. As it is a mainly inflammatory condition, most of the genes involved are connected with the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines and are generally associated with the immune response of the host. It is important to reveal the genetic risk factors, as this knowledge can point out the individuals at risk, and will help the dentists to undertake preventive and treatment approaches based on the individual’s specific genetic profile. In this review, we aim to summarize recent studies available so as to unveil the immune-associated molecular markers in the development of periodontal disease. In addition, we will mention some discussed trends for the future therapeutic approaches to the treatment of periodontitis.