References
- Wémeau JL, Klein M, Sadoul JL, et al. Graves' disease: Introduction, epidemiology, endogenous and environmental patho-genic factors. Ann Endocrinol (Paris), 2018, 79(6):599-607.
- Smith TJ, Hegedüs L. Graves' Disease. N Engl J Med, 2016, 375(16): 1552-1565.
- Perras P, Hegedüs L, Bartalena L, et al. Graves' orbitopathy as a rare disease in Europe: a European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) Position statement. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2017, 12(1):72.
- Hussain YS, Hookham JC, Allahabadia A, et al. Epidemiology, management and outcomes of Graves' disease-real life data. Endocrine, 2017, 56(3):568-578.
- Taylor PN, Albrecht D, Scholz A, et al. Global epidemiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2018, 14(5):301-316.
- Perros P, Neoh C, Dickinson J. Thyroid eye disease. BMJ. 2009;338:b560.
- Wiersinga WM, Bartalena L. Epidemiology and prevention of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Thyroid, 2002,12:855-860.
- Bahn RS. Current insights into the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Horm Metab Res, 2015, 47(10):773-778.
- Huang Y, Fang S, Li D, et al. The involvement of Τ cell pathogenesis in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Eye (Lond), 2019, 33(2): 176-182.
- Boyanov MA, Bakalov D, Sheinkova G. Levels of thyroid auto-antibodies in patients with Graves'disease and Graves' ophtalmopathy. Türk J Endocrinol Metab, 2010,14: 50-53.
- Hutfless S, Matos P, Talor MV, et al. Significance of prediagnostic thyroid antibodies in women with autoimmune thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2011, 96(9):E1466-E1471.
- Smith TJ. Insulin-like growth factor-I regulation of immune function: a potential therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases?. Pharmacol Rev, 2010, 62(2):199-236.
- Douglas RS, Gianoukakis AG, Kamat S, et al. Aberrant expression of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor by T cells from patients with Graves' disease may carry functional consequences for disease pathogenesis. J Immunol, 2007, 178(5):3281-3287.
- Bahn RS. Graves' ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med, 2010, 362(8):726-738.
- Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Pinchera A. Graves' ophthalmopathy: a preventable disease?. Eur J Endocrinol, 2002,146:457.
- Bartalena L, Piantanida E, Gallo D, et al. Epidemiology, Natural History, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Graves' Orbitopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020,11:615993.
- Dik WA, Virakul S, van Steensel L. Current perspectives on the role of orbital fibroblasts in the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Exp Eye Res, 2016, 142:83-91.
- Carballo M, de Sá B, Rocha D, et al. Pathophysiology of Graves' Ophthalmopathy: A Literature Review. Open J Endoer Metab Dis, 2017, 7(01):77-87.
- Eckstein AK, Plicht M, Lax H, et al. Thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies are independent risk factors for Graves' ophthalmopathy and help to predict severity and outcome of the disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2006, 91(9):3464-3470.
- Douglas RS, Afifiyan NF, Hwang CJ, et al. Increased generation of fibrocytes in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2010, 95(1):430-438.
- Terwee CB, Prummel MF, Gerding MN, et al. Measuring disease activity to predict therapeutic outcome in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2005, 62(2): 145-155.
- Şahlı E, Gündüz K. Thyroid-associated Ophthalmopathy. Turk J Ophthalmol, 2017, 47(2):94-105.
- Laurberg P, Wallin G, Tallstedt L, et al. TSH-receptor autoimmunity in Graves' disease after therapy with anti-thyroid drugs, surgery, or radioiodine: a 5-year prospective randomized study. Eur J Endocrinol, 2008, 158(1):69-75.
- Bartalena L, Kahaly GJ, Baldeschi L, et al. The 2021 European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of Graves' orbitopathy. Eur J Endocrinol, 2021, 185(4):G43-G67.
- Kahaly GJ, Wüster C, Olivo PD, et al. High Titers of Thyrotropin Receptor Antibodies Are Associated With Orbitopathy in Patients With Graves Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2019, 104(7):2561-2568.
- Perros P, Dayan CM, Dickinson AJ, et al. Management of patients with Graves' orbitopathy: initial assessment, management outside specialised centres and referral pathways. Clin Med (Lond), 2015, 15(2): 173-178.
- Hiromatsu Y, Eguchi H, Tani J, et al. Graves' ophthalmopathy: epidemiology and natural history. Intern Med, 2014, 53(5):353-360.
- European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO), Wiersinga WM, Perros P, et al. Clinical assessment of patients with Graves' orbitopathy: the European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy recommendations to generalists, specialists and clinical researchers. Eur J Endocrinol, 2006,155(3):387-389.
- Patel A, Yang H, Douglas RS. A New Era in the Treatment of Thyroid Eye Disease. Am J Ophthalmol, 2019, 208:281-288.
- Tu X, Dong Y, Zhang H, et al. Corticosteroids for Graves' Ophthalmopathy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomed Res Int, 2018, 2018:4845894.
- Wiersinga WM. Advances in treatment of active, moderate-to-severe Graves' ophthalmopathy. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2017, 5(2): 134-142.
- Lee SJ, Rim TH, Jang SY, et al. Treatment of upper eyelid retraction related to thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy using subconjunctival triamcinolone injections. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2013, 251(1):261-270.
- Huebert I, Heinicke N, Kook D, et al. Dual platelet inhibition in cases of severe retrobulbär hemorrhage following retrobulbär and peribulbar anesthesia. J Cataract Refract Surg, 2015, 41(10):2092-2101.
- Längericht J, Krämer I, Kahaly GJ. Glucocorticoids in Graves' orbitopathy: mechanisms of action and clinical application. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab, 2020,11:2042018820958335.
- Nedeljkovic Beleslin B, Ciric J, Stojkovic M, et al. Comparison of efficaey and safety of parenteral versus parenteral and oral glucocortieoid therapy in Graves' orbitopathy. Int J Clin Pract, 2020, 74(11 ):e13608.
- Zang S, Ponto KA, Kahaly GJ. Clinical review: Intravenous glucocorticoids for Graves' orbitopathy: efficaey and morbidity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2011;96(2):320-332.
- Riedl M, Kolbe E, Kampmann E, et al. Prospectively recorded and MedDRA-coded safety data of intravenous methylprednisolone therapy in Graves' orbitopathy. J Endocrinol Invest, 2015, 38(2): 177-182.
- Kahaly GJ, Pitz S, Hommel G, et al. Randomized, Single blind trial of intravenous versus oral steroid monotherapy in Graves' orbitopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2005, 90(9):5234-5240.
- Stoynova MA, Shinkov AD, Dimitrova ID, et al. Comparison of the efficaey of two different glucocortieoid regimens for treatment of active moderate-to-severe Graves' orbitopathy. Int Ophthalmol, 2023, 43(12):4747-4757.
- Hoppe E, Lee ACH, Hoppe D, et al. Predictive Factors for Changes in Quality of Life after Steroid Treatment for Active Moderate-to-Severe Graves' Orbitopathy: A Prospective Trial. Eur Thyroid J, 2021, 9(6):313-320.
- Bartale η a L, Krassas GE, Wiersinga W, et al. Efficaey and safety of three different cumulative doses of intravenous methylprednisolone for moderate to severe and active Graves' orbitopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012, 97(12):4454-4463.
- Marcocci C, Watt T, Altea MA, et al. Fatal and non-fatal ad-verse events of glucocortieoid therapy for Graves' orbitopathy: a questionnaire survey among members ofthe European Thyroid Association. Eur J Endocrinol, 2012,166(2):247-253.
- Currò N, Covelli D, Vannucchi G, et al. Therapeutic outcomes of high-dose intravenous steroids in the treatment of dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Thyroid, 2014, 24(5):897-905.
- Sisti E, Coco B, Menconi F, et al. Age and Dose Are Major Risk Factors for Liver Damage Associated with Intravenous Glucocorticoid Pulse Therapy for Graves' Orbitopathy. Thyroid, 2015, 25(7):846-850.
- Miśkiewicz P, Jankowska A, Brodzińska K, et al. Influence of Methylprednisolone Pulse Therapy on Liver Function in Patients with Graves' Orbitopathy. Int J Endocrinol, 2018, 2018:1978590.
- Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Dickinson A, et al. Consensus statement of the European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of GO. Eur J Endocrinol, 2008, 158(3):273-285.
- Kahaly GJ. Management of Graves Thyroidal and Extrathyroidal Disease: An Update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 105(12):3704-3720.
- Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Boboridis K, et al. The 2016 European Thyroid Association/European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy Guidelines for the Management of Graves' Orbitopathy. Eur Thyroid J, 2016, 5(1):9-26.
- Bartalena L, Veronesi G, Krassas GE, et al. Does early response to intravenous glucocorticoids predict the final outcome in patients with moderate-to-severe and active Graves' orbitopathy?. J Endocrinol Invest, 2017, 40(5):547-553.
- Salvi M, Campi I. Medical Treatment of Graves' Orbitopathy. Horm Metab Res, 2015, 47(10):779-788.