References
- 1. Ando M, Yanagisawa N. Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management of chronic kidney disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. World J Nephrol 2015;4(3):388-95.
- 2. Borissova AM, Rashkov R, Boyanov M et al. Femoral neck bone mineral density and 10-year absolute fracture risk in a national representative sample of Bulgarian women aged 50 years and older. Arch Osteoporos 2011;6:189-95.
- 3. Bruera D, Luna N, David DO et al. Decreased bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients is independent of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2003;17(13):1917-23.
- 4. Cazanave C, Dupon M, Lavignolle-Aurillac V et al. Reduced bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients: prevalence and associated factors. AIDS 2008;22(3):395-402.
- 5. Chitu-Tisu CE, Barbu EC, Lazar M et al. Body composition in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Acta Clin Belg 2017;72(1):55-62.
- 6. Chitu-Tisu CE, Barbu EC, Lazar M et al. Low bone mineral density and associated risk factors in HIV-infected patients. Germs 2016;6(2):50-9.
- 7. Danjuma MI, Mohamad-Fadzillah NH, Khoo S. An investigation of the pattern of kidney injury in HIV-positive persons exposed to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: an examination of a large population database (MHRA database). Int J STD AIDS 2014;25(4):273-9.
- 8. Deya-Martinez A, Fortuny C, Soler-Palacin P et al. Cystatin C: a marker for inflammation and renal function among HIV-infected children and adolescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016;35(2):196-200.
- 9. Duvivier C, Kolta S, Assoumou L, Ghosn J, Rozenberg S, Murphy RL, et al. Greater decrease in bone mineral density with protease inhibitor regimens compared with nonnucleo-side reverse transcriptase inhibitor regimens in HIV-1 infected naive patients. AIDS 2009;23(7):817-24.
- 10. Ezinga M, Wetzels JF, Bosch ME et al. Long-term treatment with tenofovir: prevalence of kidney tubular dysfunction and its association with tenofovir plasma concentration. Antivir Ther 2014;19(8):765-71.
- 11. Gallant JE, Parish MA, Keruly JC, Moore RD. Changes in renal function associated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment, compared with nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40(8):1194-8.
- 12. Goh SSL, Lai PSM, Tan ATB, Ponnampalavanar S. Reduced bone mineral density in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals: a meta-analysis of its prevalence and risk factors. Osteoporos Int 2017. doi: 10.1007/s00198-017-4305-8.10.1007/s00198-017-4305-8
- 13. Grant PM, Cotter AG. Tenofovir and bone health. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2016;11(3):326-32.
- 14. Grigsby IF, Pham L, Mansky LM et al. Tenofovir-associated bone density loss. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2010;6:41-7.
- 15. Hall AM, Hendry BM, Nitsch D, Connolly JO. Tenofovir-associated kidney toxicity in HIV-infected patients: a review of the evidence. Am J Kidney Dis 2011;57(5):773-80.
- 16. Hileman CO, Eckard AR, McComsey GA. Bone loss in HIV: a contemporary review. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2015;22(6):446-51.
- 17. Hojs R, Bevc S, Ekart R et al. Serum cystatin C-based equation compared to serum creatinine-based equations for estimation of glomerular filtration rate in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Nephrol 2008;70(1):10-7.
- 18. Hudec SM, Camacho PM. Secondary causes of osteoporosis. Endocr Pract 2013;19(1):120-8.
- 19. International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD). 2017. Available from: https://www.iscd.org/official-positions/official-positions/. [Accessed 22 November 2017].
- 20. Joffe I, Epstein S. Osteoporosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis: pathogenesis and management. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1991;20(4):256-72.
- 21. Kirilov G. Laboratory diagnosis of parathyroid gland diseases and bone mineral metabolism. In: Paradigm, editor. Hormonal and Functional Diagnosis of Endocrine Diseases; 2012.
- 22. Kohlmeier L, Gasner C, Bachrach LK, Marcus R. The bone mineral status of patients with Marfan syndrome. J Bone Miner Res 1995;10(10):1550-5.
- 23. Lucas K, Behrens BA, Nolte I et al. Comparative investigation of bone mineral density using CT and DEXA in a canine femoral model. J Orthop Res 2017. doi: 10.1002/jor.23574.10.1002/jor.23574
- 24. McComsey GA, Kitch D, Daar ES et al. Bone mineral density and fractures in antiretroviral-naive persons randomized to receive abacavir-lamivudine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarateemtricitabine along with efavirenz or atazanavir-ritonavir: AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5224s, a substudy of ACTG A5202. J Infect Dis 2011;203(12):1791-801.
- 25. McComsey GA, Tebas P, Shane E et al. Bone disease in HIV infection: a practical review and recommendations for HIV care providers. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51(8):937-46.
- 26. Moran CA, Weitzmann MN, Ofotokun I. Bone loss in HIV infection. Curr Treat Options Infect Dis 2017;9(1):52-67.
- 27. Pan G, Yang Z, Ballinger SW, McDonald JM. Pathogenesis of osteopenia/osteoporosis induced by highly active anti-retroviral therapy for AIDS. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006;1068:297-308.
- 28. Powderly WG. Osteoporosis and bone health in HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2012;9(3):218-22.
- 29. Rosen CJ. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of osteoporosis. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A et al. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText. com, Inc.; 2000.
- 30. Sandhu SK, Hampson G. The pathogenesis, diagnosis, investigation and management of osteoporosis. J Clin Pathol 2011;64(12):1042-50.
- 31. Shlipak MG, Mattes MD, Peralta CA. Update on cystatin C: incorporation into clinical practice. Am J Kidney Dis 2013;62(3):595-603.
- 32. Streinu-Cercel A, Sandulescu O, Ceapraga G, et al. Prevalence of osteo-renal impairment in the Romanian HIV cohort. BMC Infect Dis 2016;16 Suppl 1:93.
- 33. Van Dijk FS. Genetics of osteoporosis in children. Endocr Dev 2015;28:196-209.
- 34. Wasserman P, Rubin DS. Highly prevalent vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in an urban cohort of HIV-infected men under care. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2010;24(4):223-7.
- 35. Welz T, Childs K, Ibrahim F et al. Efavirenz is associated with severe vitamin D deficiency and increased alkaline phosphatase. Aids 2010;24(12):1923-8.
- 36. Woodward CL, Hall AM, Williams IG et al. Tenofovir-associated renal and bone toxicity. HIV Med 2009;10(8):482-7.
- 37. World Health Organization. WHO scientific group on the assessment of osteoporosis at primary health care level 2007. Available from: http://www.who.int/chp/topics/Osteoporosis.pdf. [Accessed 22 November 2017].
- 38. Yancheva N. Complications of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients. Vitamin D deficiency. PhD Thesis.
- 39. Yancheva N, Nikolova M, Alexandrova M et al. Deficiency of vitamin D in HIV infected patients and its effect on some of the immunological parameters. World J AIDS 2015;5(3):182-8.
- 40. Yancheva N, Tchervenyakova T, Gabarska I, Elenkov I. De-ficiency of vitamin D in HIV infected patients and its effect on some of the biochemical parameters. Indian J Pharm Sci 2016;3(2):57-64.