Fig. 1.
![Coupling responses, in relation to the cases under consideration, for due to free thermal contraction, for laminates with: a) Shearing -Extension and Bending-Twisting (E-S; B-T laminate), b) Bending-Twisting coupling (B-T laminate) [17]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/694828ee7c29e05adc524c36/j_ama-2025-0089_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKLTU26BN6%2F20260110%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260110T020431Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEOX%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICKeUlk9XrZpaE5fXo1ZuX7SD0TlObzEG4yByfiSPtUnAiBZn3QeiJHemBjYBxVx8AMNMmDi%2BqxPx3Vkc9NGQuMAWyrGBQiu%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMBF%2F0f6wFwfv2Qd7cKpoFWndZn41%2Bq0vxRzkYPmPSM5Gj2Qidw49GObGmaId7xGlojz4H%2Bof7TUyXoNQZP8RKI8A3AAXrgNQQoAN8ztpdwitqHBVtoV8cFk7oK%2FES6qzxRkiS6O1Ir2UlqRgHwsUBtn6oXqW%2BTWTVMKSp261BJ4%2BKCPTYsGdCaytuuzOa9qHZGA1gryIH9GhhBumxnALleyY1eChM8DY7cMsnH3MxRdtO8dfz1yHzL84jfLe3O6FSQD3XFEwmK09KjOW7f5D4KSij1KS5SWDNH1ADzXG1XmvuViuHzk4BSvfR4S7jCLJGa5qSYx8X39sREGV3%2FZfcqdP2X6B7%2F%2FJEvImt%2BGXu0aGJGT89Ck5esT0zqYbuUwuenmHLYOVysSvnFHs7ljrII4zYrvEUQ57CaMk7%2Fj%2F4wzZbwf6UiFEIIpG8qZyNNBeZrGQmqm8ngyD%2BIf3JLUgHfzMylKm0dMFQ8Tk1qdrRHuKyEZ4eK%2Fok95SyXFqV0VZ9Yg%2BKEw8oQ8ajvNXTTo6A%2BV7zW5dIXl9rIVWNECNRrhA6DAOEvxMbMWoZvcveclYA4JFBZpxLHpSqPvdt9w9tUIXsiTZy8cODFXJcvywUzDFz%2FfKXq9QMkC3%2BU%2FmLV9SHvUjbgX0vSj6XgmopPou0bZIBD5O7zzUe%2Fv%2F76hRXrgjUPbf62eWzjYX7CPXZ0UfY32C9H31uIJ4uC8Mn9whr1kSGkfNRdQDYapbm1L3IwdmkH%2BXTvFQSzuGOojKNHjJOXUoExMDI6uj%2B7ydvceGzovxQM6avgi4OS67tiYxCNqU%2FGyAOmyqkh3uyLbOSwpByWHNo006aBnNzGAhU2N%2BDxzWAPi2gvzt9tz1WfQ%2FPjIcXVINIzjFsQrcRBD12gKCtjtlF90BHKWDeMJbShcsGOrIBHHEP6myoqYwkzzak3DNOkhYBtcG6hKlIA44Go6aYw40BijvHjAxx8XF78kp1uKbweFVN4TxrcwfAaJaBnwl9XGHCKlL4%2FjZ0IlaShtO4ea7g6K3X6ktOie2GG7tQNA7dgy8Pjj9ziUFnciTKt1ff49bkvx1Z0kwqrmuLp0r6AdTeJU7tOKC3R6iw%2Bu8wZErCGmZas7TvdMCLVtPemoWcNa7G5MYfZGJkCat%2BE0E0Zk1pFg%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=8f93025aa49c246e05fa42bb1fcbdd67d576b56fccd9e361731649bf01c4bc30&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.


Fig. 11.

Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.

Buckling load value
| No. laminate | Bucklin load [N] for Ω-section | Bucklin load [N] for Z-section |
|---|---|---|
| L1 | 8299.5 | 3301.6 |
| L2 | 7832.5 | 3386.6 |
| L3 | 10217 | 3352.3 |
| L4 | 11953 | 5326.2 |
| L5 | 8020.2 | 3386.0 |
Considered layer layouts with type of mechanical couplings
| No. | Sequences | Subscript notation ESDU (1994) [14] | Coupling type |
|---|---|---|---|
| L1 | [0/30/45/60/90]s | AFB0DF | |
| L2 | [90/60/45/30/0]s | AFB0DF | |
| L3 | [90/0/0/45/-45]s | ASB0DF | |
| L4 | [45/-45/0/0/90]s | ASB0DF | |
| L5 | [0/0/45/-45/90]s | ASB0DF |