Fig. 1.
![Coupling responses, in relation to the cases under consideration, for due to free thermal contraction, for laminates with: a) Shearing -Extension and Bending-Twisting (E-S; B-T laminate), b) Bending-Twisting coupling (B-T laminate) [17]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/694828ee7c29e05adc524c36/j_ama-2025-0089_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKJGBIPRNY%2F20260303%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260303T024456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEMf%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQD4s9PhuDJbvpRQFP7vXGgR2afOP3l6a2iu965rxwOhhQIgfXu%2B0En%2BGnAfnFcEXFMyQWTkaUJTisMqdbMbl6Bm6kAqxgUIkP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDH9TzAw06Bv9VcULtiqaBY6NbI9n1UQ3C7BY%2BpWP1YAGu0H6yVHhyhUPB21s89ALYY7lkhXgKyMckh908nC6qRc%2BN1HiABNcsP7wu6vmhYIaGAcM280kTsBIAbO7FJRnB29ApgBlcLsm%2B6qj8sU3M0Kydq5ygul302%2FiFtfgJAn4bl%2BisU1waJxkv9w4FBnnzHB05f1Xm1H5XrmvgT0yqaQlmHDWp6ZaQEECE5EblGfZcrMLdZLOoBHOAfcvdO3HO6aMakuSfPoAKA4AoYCP3j31yzHQMwqS1zeM2b%2F4noX%2Bdm3imRCZC0fAEma8%2BYHSZYNKimaE2nHHscfBFfZNQoGMMD2cH%2F7ACv8nqApt5esehPKYs3lLFIcecNeR82skovWOuRe7VTc1mksw9FmJ2AOa2SLsSVpJ2X052EG3ZNOLXetL8tezlkZqVxQIluSSXGrZsymP%2BW5XjkaPQ3OU%2BKQvDMvD2a3ywKG13jsOKrxYJJaXkDHN%2F0jrnPAJ2BgBl7FHzuXKlABy7pfXQeDEFRZe0K8VcbOLykIlwaw8VHbMtylDFbso29weMD2v8n%2FGRY5%2B7IkmjITkB55sG243EqzmkPsFwv%2BSOmbdomo8R7%2F5X3dSEl3CbaQaJ2PvUajXBEm8oK5D3A5XKBPXxsOGU5nqjWvz6IA5qU36E4PIedltpc%2BReHd4K7htLM3NR0nIsRDH84LuDf70j4brl94AfNkvs4hRBnc2P3RQeF6poQ7v%2BLB2Aa%2B1fvvTndrXmn3vYnPN7wxBWnMs0F7hq4JLfyp5aLYzftw2D7hxDcplo7vW6ghB8SAewmM75sFSUMllEyKeRlXm6OYp8Rea2iNATKAMl6c0sR5GTST8cKkv%2B7UvcpvGeOQGsW1R9ak2gWcusiCzHECr0tLdTTCCqJjNBjqxAepTogqgVSD5jpu8auuG%2FUh4vHlrZKcjXv4gDY%2F5NBiHyeV9WlRwm3tdl4z79MEW7KHawklVFNNYAqi4UUV9z%2BgVYbijJgJoKG%2F40RV2XfMTXP7hYcRFvWGje1G%2F89Mcyd9t3BQfqbWhYpb%2BJHNm0bxH10EX9cQ9AtR4EL%2BzToznHkMYd%2FGtoHcw%2BkcTjwxFXWr41JUW7Jhq4i8cGSN9wcSUQEDlC%2BZLIvLa8tucNNOSQw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=427d8cc4a98a2a9a7fe6dfbb344e6b3ec7cfb20e5a2b1578cc9ea43234f40968&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.


Fig. 11.

Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.

Buckling load value
| No. laminate | Bucklin load [N] for Ω-section | Bucklin load [N] for Z-section |
|---|---|---|
| L1 | 8299.5 | 3301.6 |
| L2 | 7832.5 | 3386.6 |
| L3 | 10217 | 3352.3 |
| L4 | 11953 | 5326.2 |
| L5 | 8020.2 | 3386.0 |
Considered layer layouts with type of mechanical couplings
| No. | Sequences | Subscript notation ESDU (1994) [14] | Coupling type |
|---|---|---|---|
| L1 | [0/30/45/60/90]s | AFB0DF | |
| L2 | [90/60/45/30/0]s | AFB0DF | |
| L3 | [90/0/0/45/-45]s | ASB0DF | |
| L4 | [45/-45/0/0/90]s | ASB0DF | |
| L5 | [0/0/45/-45/90]s | ASB0DF |