Comparative summary of modeling families
| Model type | Main stimulus | Biological fidelity | Typical use/example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phenomenological | SED/local strain | Low (no pathways) | Stress shielding; implant design [5] |
| Mechanobiological | Mechanical+ signaling | High (RANKL, WNT) | Drug/disease simulations [6, 8] |
| Damage-based | Accumulated microdamage | Medium | Fatigue-driven resorption [25] |
| Diffusive | Spatially diffused SED | Medium | Heterogeneous adaptation [1] |
| Multiphysics | Load+ fluid/solute transport | High–very high | Osseointegrati on [16, 20] |