Fig. 1a
Power and mass of chain saws
Fig. 1b
Time for use/recharging of lawn mowers
Tab. 1.
Analysis of Gasoline (E5) and Blends with 30, 60 and 100 vol.% CH3OH (M30, M60, M100)
| Fuel | Elementary Analysis | Atomic Fraction | RON | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cK [m%] | hK [m%] | oK [m%] | C : H : O | (approx.) | |
| Super E5 | 88.307 | 11.329 | 0.364 | 1 : 1.53 : 0.00 | 95 |
| M30 | 72.497 | 11.714 | 15.750 | 1 : 1.93 : 0.16 | 99 |
| M60 | 57.167 | 12.087 | 30.668 | 1 : 2.52 : 0.40 | 103 |
| M100 | 37.437 | 12.567 | 49.869 | 1 : 4.00 : 1.00 | 109 |
Fig. 2a
Relevant fuel specifications for blends with 0 … 100 vol.% CH3OH
Fig. 2b
Relevant fuel specifications for blends with 0 … 100 vol.% CH3OH
Fig. 3a
Calculation of sub-stoichiometric combustion
Fig. 3b
Conversion of exhaust-gas concentration
Fig. 4a
Test-engine Briggs & Stratton Intek Pro 206
Fig. 4b
Performance at site and valve lift of test-engine
Fig. 5a
Strategies for λ-adjustment with sub-stoichiometric basic layout
Fig. 5b.
Strategies for λ-adjustment with lean basic layout
Fig. 6a.
Fuel-switch without adaptations of carburetor
Fig. 6b
Fuel-switch with enabled λ-control
Fig. 7.
Relevant test equipment
Tab. 2.
Relevant test equipment and measuring devices
| Value | Measuring principle | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Output Pe | Electric retarder (eddy-current) | Hummert HAT WWB C1 |
| Engine speed nM | Optical reflection sensor | Alborn FUA 9192 |
| Fuel mass mFuel | Laboratory balance | Kern ITB35K1IP |
| Fuel/air-ratio IETAS | ZrO2-sensor | Lambda-Meter ETAS ES630.1 / BOSCH LSU4.2 |
| Exhaust gas CO CO2 O2 NOX THC | NDIR NDIR MPA CLA (dry / cold) FIA | Horiba EXSA-1500 |
| Cyl. indication PCyl = f(f) | Piezo-electric transducer Charge amplifier Optical encoder ScopeCorder | KIAG 6051B KIAG 5007 Hohner Serie 27 Yokogawa DL850 |
Fig. 8.
Fault of Lambda-Meter without adjusting fuel-parameters
Fig. 9a.
Test results – Operational values
Fig. 9b
Test results – Standard deviation of peak pressure
Fig. 9c
Test results – Specific exhaust gas emissions
Fig. 10.
Test results – Pressure indications at λ ≈ 0.85
Fig. 11a
Sparkplug after methanol operation
Fig. 11b
Endoscopy of combustion chamber [26]
Fig. 12.
Results of analysis of lubrication-oil
Fig. 13.
Results of material tests [26]