Fig. 1a
Fig. 1b
Fig. 2a
Fig. 2b
Fig. 3a
Fig. 3b
Fig. 4a
Fig. 4b
Fig. 5a
Fig. 5b.
Fig. 6a.
Fig. 6b
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9a.
Fig. 9b
Fig. 9c
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11a
Fig. 11b
![Endoscopy of combustion chamber [26]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/68c7ca3481e1b93419683492/j_ama-2025-0044_fig_020.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251206%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251206T134930Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=87d072ae755b1822ff92bf0e45e9dddbdf89b23d311c06d4227ef30b2cefd73d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
![Results of material tests [26]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/68c7ca3481e1b93419683492/j_ama-2025-0044_fig_022.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251206%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251206T134930Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=a98d744650e09f45c350dbcedd62ee8a5416bc6be2bbcae71c8ea7fad4bbfb77&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Relevant test equipment and measuring devices
| Value | Measuring principle | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Output | Electric retarder (eddy-current) | Hummert HAT |
| Engine speed | Optical reflection sensor | Alborn |
| Fuel mass | Laboratory balance | Kern |
| Fuel/air-ratio | ZrO2-sensor | Lambda-Meter |
| Exhaust gas | NDIR | Horiba |
| Cyl. indication | Piezo-electric transducer | KIAG 6051B |
Analysis of Gasoline (E5) and Blends with 30, 60 and 100 vol_% CH3OH (M30, M60, M100)
| Fuel | Elementary Analysis | Atomic Fraction | RON | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cK [m%] | hK [m%] | oK [m%] | C : H : O | (approx.) | |
| Super E5 | 88.307 | 11.329 | 0.364 | 1 : 1.53 : 0.00 | 95 |
| M30 | 72.497 | 11.714 | 15.750 | 1 : 1.93 : 0.16 | 99 |
| M60 | 57.167 | 12.087 | 30.668 | 1 : 2.52 : 0.40 | 103 |
| M100 | 37.437 | 12.567 | 49.869 | 1 : 4.00 : 1.00 | 109 |