Fig. 1.
![Arc lamp circuit [16]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/68c7ca3481e1b93419683492/j_ama-2025-0043_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKJ6EBITH6%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T025240Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIGKtnfOnXrWO3qFO2vhE%2BOPqMhkIDO8TcGBR%2ByQjKJ9dAiEA8AIXfoQf8J72d5mnx%2FER0C8Ye9Dr1DozSLmSqpC7BoYqvAUIMxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDMf49PRUlcNmUwI%2FByqZBUlA2fK4Hk757zwE0zIZufqvR4o1n%2Bb8DEDPSGZJ%2Fy%2B82Xpy096xhuMPHlYr1HO8nYUxO%2F6yPb7Osl1bCMbmEafDVIc%2BWLOGE%2BOeNcL0DlKDYJ5QsQHatVipfrb36H5z6nfQsCdeZJQ8uIvPg4bV7pmqGdyu3VKvWEYuZMIRFOK%2BwTwCqIoSx9%2FqE3E3XZx1t42J%2Bq2PUu4dnCUh1FJV%2FDN20d9EKN96mW%2BoTMU6z410UG%2BJy%2FnBng13Jl65y%2Bg6ByqeP1vjLLzzM%2FEOzUqoT3p6FX6pfi4GIek222uKkNmAUnHDm1VvCOOXxkdH6f5bon43yMzrZar9AYj%2BrYG%2BwHnMhLcqZF42IeTaO5wENjcKr4MKWdqwPd7aOyi0ZpqswOJar9u6FrbQGXh1rcP9ksoeCzGtKk0XjyEnzctYOwqOx%2Bc5ZmypGJwyK3DYep4zpgVvmJoj8pxceHxbqL6CJu%2Bf7W1NVhyt4dCuVdGXhfp%2FJz8VDQO5YGt4dNWkBrZ0MIhuxj9qxro4RTldrU0v%2Be6nxnCyt4cgG9tDQMioudRkJyFbwI%2B79gRePP3rMhHyVO9fAx5T%2BgJ1P4Jb5I8OSxt1X2FzQhbPSSco%2BdeuYVglPt7vqwzxNMQ0AKj8Fap5QaT4U6WqA4uGOASjKUBcUBEVCaj1dev0%2BqQ2JPQYRWbMYFLOkP2BgVP4iM1qwLHlhQKmnG4%2F9Dwh05ovHJFk8a3qFpFd6YILDac4GEzBr2OsYrB43zU8YFoazUDc3UTrwQU86MSOjwE%2F%2F9jBwRZNUy3BPyI%2Bon7%2BWaIZhopEiUMnVJvbm%2Bn%2BZpRTXETupjWy3ey4mMlVgqHsGsbOuHPfzERbbXTtFUSkh330rTg%2Frb5CiwC3oGOCF%2B4rML2D28sGOrEBsfPXt9MZmKHny1Cdf6bNfL%2BUGKadcmvUjwB42zeKMRzNJLuTgH89Gk1yt8CWpl9LNgQxDkX6IT9g6ZbBWgrv2cXyqnsS2MYWr0%2BCrvxOFiZ8svZPn5UsYK0NEUS7e2%2FeZtFFniSYO4sKx2Li%2B998vMbdo0dTUOPI8R2NcBL0OWSNzWpoMzsqolslf4xH%2FvE2pYgss3BXf2WZY6WN%2FlxrEFJQYVaqFk6cRlISeSre%2BWJE&X-Amz-Signature=d54225f59d4bffd7859842b90e51199e83f3be701f3b4390c6cf000302d8eb08&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 1.
![Purely resistive circuit with TRIAC [17]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/68c7ca3481e1b93419683492/j_ama-2025-0043_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKJ6EBITH6%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T025240Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIGKtnfOnXrWO3qFO2vhE%2BOPqMhkIDO8TcGBR%2ByQjKJ9dAiEA8AIXfoQf8J72d5mnx%2FER0C8Ye9Dr1DozSLmSqpC7BoYqvAUIMxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDMf49PRUlcNmUwI%2FByqZBUlA2fK4Hk757zwE0zIZufqvR4o1n%2Bb8DEDPSGZJ%2Fy%2B82Xpy096xhuMPHlYr1HO8nYUxO%2F6yPb7Osl1bCMbmEafDVIc%2BWLOGE%2BOeNcL0DlKDYJ5QsQHatVipfrb36H5z6nfQsCdeZJQ8uIvPg4bV7pmqGdyu3VKvWEYuZMIRFOK%2BwTwCqIoSx9%2FqE3E3XZx1t42J%2Bq2PUu4dnCUh1FJV%2FDN20d9EKN96mW%2BoTMU6z410UG%2BJy%2FnBng13Jl65y%2Bg6ByqeP1vjLLzzM%2FEOzUqoT3p6FX6pfi4GIek222uKkNmAUnHDm1VvCOOXxkdH6f5bon43yMzrZar9AYj%2BrYG%2BwHnMhLcqZF42IeTaO5wENjcKr4MKWdqwPd7aOyi0ZpqswOJar9u6FrbQGXh1rcP9ksoeCzGtKk0XjyEnzctYOwqOx%2Bc5ZmypGJwyK3DYep4zpgVvmJoj8pxceHxbqL6CJu%2Bf7W1NVhyt4dCuVdGXhfp%2FJz8VDQO5YGt4dNWkBrZ0MIhuxj9qxro4RTldrU0v%2Be6nxnCyt4cgG9tDQMioudRkJyFbwI%2B79gRePP3rMhHyVO9fAx5T%2BgJ1P4Jb5I8OSxt1X2FzQhbPSSco%2BdeuYVglPt7vqwzxNMQ0AKj8Fap5QaT4U6WqA4uGOASjKUBcUBEVCaj1dev0%2BqQ2JPQYRWbMYFLOkP2BgVP4iM1qwLHlhQKmnG4%2F9Dwh05ovHJFk8a3qFpFd6YILDac4GEzBr2OsYrB43zU8YFoazUDc3UTrwQU86MSOjwE%2F%2F9jBwRZNUy3BPyI%2Bon7%2BWaIZhopEiUMnVJvbm%2Bn%2BZpRTXETupjWy3ey4mMlVgqHsGsbOuHPfzERbbXTtFUSkh330rTg%2Frb5CiwC3oGOCF%2B4rML2D28sGOrEBsfPXt9MZmKHny1Cdf6bNfL%2BUGKadcmvUjwB42zeKMRzNJLuTgH89Gk1yt8CWpl9LNgQxDkX6IT9g6ZbBWgrv2cXyqnsS2MYWr0%2BCrvxOFiZ8svZPn5UsYK0NEUS7e2%2FeZtFFniSYO4sKx2Li%2B998vMbdo0dTUOPI8R2NcBL0OWSNzWpoMzsqolslf4xH%2FvE2pYgss3BXf2WZY6WN%2FlxrEFJQYVaqFk6cRlISeSre%2BWJE&X-Amz-Signature=84fdb0e05c8134bfd02b86e02c4a0d0a551fec3f5f2210d4c449b14e98b1263d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2.
![Current waveform in the circuit with TRIAC [17]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/68c7ca3481e1b93419683492/j_ama-2025-0043_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKJ6EBITH6%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T025240Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIGKtnfOnXrWO3qFO2vhE%2BOPqMhkIDO8TcGBR%2ByQjKJ9dAiEA8AIXfoQf8J72d5mnx%2FER0C8Ye9Dr1DozSLmSqpC7BoYqvAUIMxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDMf49PRUlcNmUwI%2FByqZBUlA2fK4Hk757zwE0zIZufqvR4o1n%2Bb8DEDPSGZJ%2Fy%2B82Xpy096xhuMPHlYr1HO8nYUxO%2F6yPb7Osl1bCMbmEafDVIc%2BWLOGE%2BOeNcL0DlKDYJ5QsQHatVipfrb36H5z6nfQsCdeZJQ8uIvPg4bV7pmqGdyu3VKvWEYuZMIRFOK%2BwTwCqIoSx9%2FqE3E3XZx1t42J%2Bq2PUu4dnCUh1FJV%2FDN20d9EKN96mW%2BoTMU6z410UG%2BJy%2FnBng13Jl65y%2Bg6ByqeP1vjLLzzM%2FEOzUqoT3p6FX6pfi4GIek222uKkNmAUnHDm1VvCOOXxkdH6f5bon43yMzrZar9AYj%2BrYG%2BwHnMhLcqZF42IeTaO5wENjcKr4MKWdqwPd7aOyi0ZpqswOJar9u6FrbQGXh1rcP9ksoeCzGtKk0XjyEnzctYOwqOx%2Bc5ZmypGJwyK3DYep4zpgVvmJoj8pxceHxbqL6CJu%2Bf7W1NVhyt4dCuVdGXhfp%2FJz8VDQO5YGt4dNWkBrZ0MIhuxj9qxro4RTldrU0v%2Be6nxnCyt4cgG9tDQMioudRkJyFbwI%2B79gRePP3rMhHyVO9fAx5T%2BgJ1P4Jb5I8OSxt1X2FzQhbPSSco%2BdeuYVglPt7vqwzxNMQ0AKj8Fap5QaT4U6WqA4uGOASjKUBcUBEVCaj1dev0%2BqQ2JPQYRWbMYFLOkP2BgVP4iM1qwLHlhQKmnG4%2F9Dwh05ovHJFk8a3qFpFd6YILDac4GEzBr2OsYrB43zU8YFoazUDc3UTrwQU86MSOjwE%2F%2F9jBwRZNUy3BPyI%2Bon7%2BWaIZhopEiUMnVJvbm%2Bn%2BZpRTXETupjWy3ey4mMlVgqHsGsbOuHPfzERbbXTtFUSkh330rTg%2Frb5CiwC3oGOCF%2B4rML2D28sGOrEBsfPXt9MZmKHny1Cdf6bNfL%2BUGKadcmvUjwB42zeKMRzNJLuTgH89Gk1yt8CWpl9LNgQxDkX6IT9g6ZbBWgrv2cXyqnsS2MYWr0%2BCrvxOFiZ8svZPn5UsYK0NEUS7e2%2FeZtFFniSYO4sKx2Li%2B998vMbdo0dTUOPI8R2NcBL0OWSNzWpoMzsqolslf4xH%2FvE2pYgss3BXf2WZY6WN%2FlxrEFJQYVaqFk6cRlISeSre%2BWJE&X-Amz-Signature=6b87a697db89f88412e4be01e7a99508f6ed4889247b66428555934f245fbaf1&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Real object results table
| Circuit type | TRIAC firing angle | Active power | Reactive power | Apparent power | power factor | Voltage | Current |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ⸰ | W | Var | VA | V | mA | ||
| a | 0 | 43.1 | 0 | 43.1 | 1 | 103 | 420 |
| b | 0 | 43.1 | 0 | 43.1 | 1 | 103 | 420 |
| a | 90 | 20.9 | 21.1 | 29.7 | 0.71 | 102.8 | 288.9 |
| b | 90 | 19.4 | 0 | 19.4 | 1 | 67.6 | 286.3 |
| a | 135 | 4.2 | 12.9 | 13.5 | 0.31 | 102.8 | 131.6 |
| b | 135 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 30.7 | 129.9 |
Simulation results table
| Circuit type | TRIAC firing angle | Active power | Reactive power | Apparent power | power factor | Voltage | Current |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ⸰ | kW | kVar | kVA | V | A | ||
| a | 0 | 48.4 | 0 | 48.4 | 1 | 220 | 220 |
| b | 0 | 48.4 | 0 | 48.4 | 1 | 220 | 220 |
| a | 90 | 24.2 | 15.4 | 34.2 | 0.71 | 220 | 155.6 |
| b | 90 | 23.8 | 0 | 24.2 | 1 | 155.6 | 155.6 |
| a | 135 | 4.4 | 7.7 | 14.6 | 0.3 | 220 | 66.3 |
| b | 135 | 4.23 | 0 | 4.4 | 1 | 66.3 | 66.3 |