Fig. 1.
![Arc lamp circuit [16]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/68c7ca3481e1b93419683492/j_ama-2025-0043_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251206%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251206T113544Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=fd0678a47025f6c0cafdd15aa05a4cc98ba879dcf99846bf4cd0f1b6c764e5c4&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 1.
![Purely resistive circuit with TRIAC [17]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/68c7ca3481e1b93419683492/j_ama-2025-0043_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251206%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251206T113544Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=1f9be1f5eb6cdac46b52dba03437e0cafefeb6096b0946a7aba7e3a02e35cd9e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2.
![Current waveform in the circuit with TRIAC [17]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/68c7ca3481e1b93419683492/j_ama-2025-0043_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251206%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251206T113544Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=aa92549aeb8c898b29809bb61351c16b46ae5e87653a4a3e5729739044b37544&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Real object results table
| Circuit type | TRIAC firing angle | Active power | Reactive power | Apparent power | power factor | Voltage | Current |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ⸰ | W | Var | VA | V | mA | ||
| a | 0 | 43.1 | 0 | 43.1 | 1 | 103 | 420 |
| b | 0 | 43.1 | 0 | 43.1 | 1 | 103 | 420 |
| a | 90 | 20.9 | 21.1 | 29.7 | 0.71 | 102.8 | 288.9 |
| b | 90 | 19.4 | 0 | 19.4 | 1 | 67.6 | 286.3 |
| a | 135 | 4.2 | 12.9 | 13.5 | 0.31 | 102.8 | 131.6 |
| b | 135 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 30.7 | 129.9 |
Simulation results table
| Circuit type | TRIAC firing angle | Active power | Reactive power | Apparent power | power factor | Voltage | Current |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ⸰ | kW | kVar | kVA | V | A | ||
| a | 0 | 48.4 | 0 | 48.4 | 1 | 220 | 220 |
| b | 0 | 48.4 | 0 | 48.4 | 1 | 220 | 220 |
| a | 90 | 24.2 | 15.4 | 34.2 | 0.71 | 220 | 155.6 |
| b | 90 | 23.8 | 0 | 24.2 | 1 | 155.6 | 155.6 |
| a | 135 | 4.4 | 7.7 | 14.6 | 0.3 | 220 | 66.3 |
| b | 135 | 4.23 | 0 | 4.4 | 1 | 66.3 | 66.3 |