Fig. 1.
Geometry of the problem
Tab. 1.
Thermophysical properties of fluid and nanoparticles
| Physical Properties | Fluid phase (H2O) | Nanoparticle (CuO) |
|---|---|---|
| Cp(J/kg.K) | 4179 | 385 |
| ρ (kg/m3) | 997.1 | 8933 |
| k (W/m.K) | 0.631 | 401 |
| β×10-5 (1/K) | 21 | 1.67 |
| σ (Ω/m)-1 | 0.05 | 5.69 10-7 |
Fig. 2.
Direction of streaming velocities, D2Q9
Fig. 3.
Direction of streaming velocities, D2Q4
Tab 2.
Grid independence test for at ϕ=4.10-2; Ha = 0
| Average Nusselt number | ||
|---|---|---|
| Lattice size | Re=1 | Re=100 |
| 50×50 | 1.7632 | 7.3423 |
| 75×75 | 2.1482 | 8.8753 |
| 100×100 | 2.5483 | 9.6128 |
| 120×120 | 2.5502 (0.07%) | 9.6412 (0.2%) |
Fig. 4.
Comparison of the local Nusselt number along the hot wall between the present results and numerical results by Lai and Yang [34]
Fig. 5.
Comparison of the temperature on axial midline between the present results and numerical results by Ghassemi et al. [35] (ϕ =3.10-2, Ra=105)
Fig. 6.
a) Horizontal component of velocity b) vertical component of velocity with those of Talebi et al. [36]
Fig. 7.
Streamlines, Isotherms and Entropy generation lines for different Re at Ri=20, Ha=0, and ϕ= 4.10-2
Fig. 8.
Average Nusselt number for different values of the Reynolds numbers and volumetric fraction of nanoparticles (ϕ) at Ri=20, Re=100 and Ha=0
Fig. 9.
Total entropy generation for different values of the Reynolds numbers and volumetric fraction of nanoparticles (ϕ) at Ri=20, Re=100 and Ha=0
Fig. 10.
Profiles of the dimensionless temperature in the middle of the thermally convergent cavity y/L = 0. 5 for different Reynolds numbers at Ri=20, Ha=0 and ϕ= 4.10-2
Fig. 11.
Profiles of the dimensionless temperature in the middle of the thermally convergent cavity x/L = 0.75 for different Reynolds numbers at Ri=20, Ha=0 and ϕ= 4.10-2
Fig. 12.
Streamlines, Isotherms and Entropy generation lines for different Ha at Re =100, Ri=20 and ϕ= 4.10-2
Fig. 13.
Effect of Hartmann number on average Nusselt number and on total entropy generation for different Hartmann numbers at Ri = 20, Re= 100 and ϕ= 4.10-2
Fig. 14.
Profiles of the dimensionless temperature in the middle of the thermally convergent cavity x/L = 0.75 for different Hartmann numbers at Ri = 20, Re= 100 and ϕ= 4.10-2
Fig. 15.
Profiles of the dimensionless temperature in the middle of the thermally convergent cavity y/L = 0. 5 for different Hartmann numbers at Ri = 20, Re= 100 and ϕ= 4.10-2