Scoring system for G_ mellonella larvae, modified from (Loh et al_ 2013)_
| Category | Description | Score |
|---|---|---|
| Activity | No activity | 0 |
| Active | 3 | |
| Melanization | Complete melanization | 0 |
| Single dark spots on larvae | 2 | |
| No melanization | 4 |
Antibacterial substances tested in G_ mellonella larvae
| Bacterial species | Studies | References |
|---|---|---|
| Staphylococcus aureus | prevention of colonisation on medical foreign bodies (in vivo model of implant infection) | (Materazzi et al. 2020) |
| virulence | (Andrade et al. 2022; Golla et al. 2021; Gomez et al. 2022; Mishra et al. 2021; Oyama et al. 2022; Rao et al. 2022; Wang et al. 2021; Zheng et al. 2021) | |
| testing an antibacterial hydrogel containing the peptide (Naphthalene-2-ly)-acetyl-diphenylalanine-dilysine-OH (NapFFKK-OH) | (McCloskey et al. 2019) | |
| in vivo antimicrobial activity | (Chagas Almeida et al. 2019) | |
| in vivo efficacy of cefazolin and fosfomycin in the treatment of MRSA infections | (Kussmann et al. 2021) | |
| in vivo efficacy of phage preparations: staphylococcal bacteriophage (containing monophage Sb-1) and bacteriophage mixture (PYO) | (Tkhiaishvili et al. 2020) | |
| infection model associated with biofilm on stainless steel and titanium implants | (Mannala et al. 2021) | |
| biofilm formation inside the larvae | (Campos-Silva et al. 2019) | |
| resistance to infection | (Sheehan et al. 2021) | |
| regulation of humoral immunity by photodynamic therapy (PDT) | (Huang et al. 2020) | |
| maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of PPT, NNC, TBB, GW4064 and PD198306 | (Khader et al. 2020) | |
| toxicity of CM3a (5-maleimide-substituted chromone compounds) | (Qing et al. 2021) | |
| evaluation of the activity of bacteriophage 191219 against biofilm on metal implants with and without antibiotics | (Mannala et al. 2022) | |
| antimicrobial activity of diethyldithiocarbamate and copper ions | (Kaul et al. 202) | |
| Streptomyces griseocarneus | production of compounds with antimicrobial activity | (de Siqueira et al. 2021) |
| Staphylococcus pseudintermedius | virulence | (Andrade et al. 2022) |
| Staphylococcus coagulans | virulence | (Andrade et al. 2022) |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | testing of an antibacterial hydrogel containing a peptide (Naphthalene-2-ly)-acetyl-diphenylalanine-dilysine-OH (NapFFKK-OH) | (McCloskey et al. 2019) |
| antimicrobial activity of diethyldithiocarbamate and copper ions | (Kaul et al. 2022) | |
| Escherichia coli | testing of an antibacterial hydrogel containing a peptide (Naphthalene-2-ly)-acetyl-diphenylalanine-dilysine-OH (NapFFKK-OH) | (McCloskey et al. 2019) |
| virulence | (Antoine et al. 2021; Duan et al. 2020; Wojda et al. 2020) | |
| in vivo antimicrobial efficacy of lactoferricin | (Vergis et al. 2020) | |
| in vivo antimicrobial efficacy of indolicidin | (Vergis et al. 2019) | |
| microRNA expression (miRNA) | (Mukherjee et al. 2020) | |
| photodynamic therapy activity (PDT) | (Garcez et al. 2023) | |
| antimicrobial activity of the combination of PMB and LL-37 | (Ridyard et al. 2023) | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | testing of an antibacterial hydrogel containing a peptide (Naphthalene-2-ly)-acetyl-diphenylalanine-dilysine-OH (NapFFKK-OH) | (Piatek et al. 2021) |
| virulence | (Alonso et al. 2020; Calcagnile et al. 2023; Fraser-Pitt et al. 2021) | |
| antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles against UCBPP-PA14 strain | (Thomaz et al. 2020) | |
| antimicrobial activity of pyokines S5 and AP41 | (Six et al. 2021) | |
| antimicrobial activity of the combination of PMB and LL-37 | (Ridyard et al. 2023) | |
| Bacillus cereus | iron homeostasis | (Consentino et al. 2021) |
Antifungal compounds tested in G_ mellonella larvae
| Fungus species | Research carried out | References |
|---|---|---|
| Candida albicans | resistance to infection | (Sheehan et al. 2021) |
| antifungal activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles | (Xu et al. 2021) | |
| antifungal activity of 4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl-difluorojodomethylsulfone | (Staniszewska et al. 2020) | |
| antifungal activity of Origanum majorana essential oil | (Kaskatepe et al. 2022) | |
| study of R. officinalis extract as an agent against fungal infections | (Meccatti et al. 2022) | |
| Candida auris | virulence | (Maione et al. 2022) |
| Conidiobolus coronatus | study on linking infection to apoptosis and changes in caspase activity in hemocytes | (Wrońska et al. 2022) |
| Aspergillus niger | study of the immune response to α-1,3-glucan | (Stączek et al. 2020) |
| Coccidioides posadasii | virulence | (Garcia et al. 2022) |
| Histoplasma capsulatum | virulence | (Thomaz et al. 2013) |
| study of the effect of Hsp60 protein on biofilm | (Fregonezi et al. 202) | |
| Paracoccidioides lutzii | virulence | (Thomaz et al. 2013) |
| Cryptococcus neoformans | study on the role of melanin during infection | (Smith et al. 2021) |
| virulence | (Benaducci et al. 2016) | |
| testing the innate immune response | (Trevijano-Contador et al. 2015) | |
| Cryptococcus gattii | virulence | (Benaducci et al. 2016) |
| Candida glabrata | study on the role of C. glabrata in enhancing host immunity against infections | (Huang et al. 2020) |