Fig 1.
Fig 2.
![SAM affects the morphology of retinoblastoma cell lines and their ultrastructure. (A–C) Effect of SAM on the morphology of Y79 cells, with a concentration-dependent decrease in nuclear schizophrenic images. (b): Electron microscopic changes in the ultrastructure of retinoblastoma with changes in SAM concentration (12,000×). Control-0mM (a and b): Normal structure of retinoblastoma Y79 cells under transmission electron microscopy. SAM-1mM (Low-dose treatment group: [c and d]): Ultrastructural changes in retinoblastoma Y79 cells. SAM-2mM (high-dose treatment group: [e and f]): Ultrastructural changes in retinoblastoma Y79 cells. Red arrows indicate nuclear grooves, blue arrows denote normal mitochondria, orange arrows represent normal endoplasmic reticulum, yellow arrows point to apoptotic bodies, green arrows indicate swollen, ruptured, vacuolated mitochondria, and purple arrows denote swollen endoplasmic reticulum. Each experiment was repeated for 3 times independently, and the data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Data in panels were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, nsP > 0.05, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 (vs. control or low dose administration group). ANOVA, analysis of variance; H&E, Hematoxylin and eosin stain; SAM, S-adenosylmethionine.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/658a98d079f7550bc9ea1875/j_aite-2024-0020_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKNPHFBIQX%2F20251215%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251215T154934Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEIf%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIBl52AW0b3arIi9NJHzcdDs68VYZColeqy43Ull8zr%2BGAiEA7asktNNdMetv2YRkpb5WKuGs%2Ftw85b%2BHrwiNclFgcdoqvAUIUBACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDMY0rd2oGMQYqSuCWiqZBdd06CrZigZUESqOcsRuwDDJwNQFa2jU0TSyBG3YSRSIWuLXS7UhyP6pBTY89NesnrNTXfOWozlYYtZDobtUrfSKEdVME1ecTNN9SfI%2BwsE5joRApVopccbIxTRs2ss06p%2B6oevGlUwSq%2Fb0beCXS8gsMPfRZOgUxGPS04AIrBAt8uy9qZLRPoiC%2FlzQGYgHLuDvUwqSwwFWsAOApYfPx0PMWPUUtSfJM3fNJQA8OTw%2FHDtZAaeU2AIEVMcOXJAK4IFIgHbuGz9Vq9jDGmk7G3tqzIXj8FvpGDMCt8Z3iWvD9GPvz8z%2FR9j%2BduR6DIN1g1juA6VV6wty2kpZUtMDMWaRlalNmVlO6mc6JuhxhGZybJFLqdKT4Km4sZI%2BhxL%2F8DCUOSKSd2Pa5u8iq1%2FI2f3BXZSWnaGAT3cRC6RN5EbMGR%2Bk%2Fs9i0ChAaFqSO7dQ44455P9evWZ24YmPChoaeSTZyiG1sBoxzgs%2B%2FCkXtv6YVyCJOdCbcRlWq6Bkb4qoZ5ygQu6%2Bbl1nHby3Gy6IAB9gzuyK%2F2ki4xQqrZ%2B3tYls9l1noc6A%2BRbcKuVkuKEc96VL9t1d%2BAl3c4A6vSLBB17MsZrN2LxFGkysp6UA6hB94jH8wB17CkgLdIBxe2exgHtWTMTWRR5ANv9Wkb7Po354Iayi%2B1CaWu4qKh%2Bg7G3dM2T4USaZvV6cuYi7sE3DeJ7IC7ymoB6%2FoWnj9B4uKvjxBpLXGpKZSvbthNHCHJQnk41E523f6RDHw%2Fe8zGWSytOBPPTrwDOWzds%2FYHg52P%2F97UBqbpWgQAgzCjD1TABYaEqFTv2pyBD3FDKkq3fmV2plTT8bypEr%2BQqGGSz%2Ft274FfUd9I4Dc8W97FVribdB7IRE3zPTxdh5MOO2gMoGOrEBC62cHR8i%2Bm%2BtV8TeaMq740o%2BbDt7V76mA1LPl5iZjvihUBsTsWXeLNDGr4cw6nSqlCKdn%2BL5j4%2FXw7hYmETqHsW3Xmhtnun2C6I%2B3eigCfODfe6mcQqJPHJ54YDnyjfBOfkgBxVhQGF5TtBzXab0Ptu2mTrwiL3M3Iz9Lz9o%2FdBVS5wdI1rN6KrKiXrZDGdNPWx0N80wcvuozfOt%2F5iT5ePS6zTGndfNQJc8Exbh0kan&X-Amz-Signature=9cc88a38e07a542056710d2c8432af4bdcbb0463edcbb76f0c70325b8761d297&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig 3.
Fig 4.
Fig 5.
Fig 6.
The primers of RT-PCR
| Genes | Primer sequences |
|---|---|
| GAPDH | F: 5′-ACCCACTCCTCCACCTTTGAC-3′ |
| R: 5′-TGTTGCTGTAGCCAAATTCGTT-3′ | |
| Ki67 | F: 5′-ACGCCTGGGTTACTATCAAAAGG-3′ |
| R: 5′-CAGACCCATTTACTTGTGTTGGA-3′ | |
| CASPASE 3 | F: 5′-GAAATTGTGGAATTGATGCGTGA-3′ |
| R: 5′-CTACAACGATCCCCTCTGAAAAA-3′ | |
| Bax | F: 5′-CCCGAGAGGTCTTTTTCCGAG-3′ |
| R: 5′-CCAGCCCATGATGGTTCTGAT-3′ | |
| BCL-2 | F: 5′-GGTGGGGGTCATGTGTGTGTGG-3′ |
| R: 5′-CGGTTCAGGTACTCAGTCATCC-3′ | |
| MMP-2 | F: 5′-CCCACTGCGGTTTTCTCGAAT-3′ |
| R: 5′-CAAAGGGGGTATCCATCGCCAT-3′ | |
| MMP-9 | F: 5′-TGTACCGCTATGGTTACACTCG-3′ |
| R: 5′-GGCAGGGGACAGTTGCTTCT-3′ | |
| VEGF | F: 5′-AGGGCAGAATCATCACGAAGT-3′ |
| R: 5′-AGGGTCTCGATTGGATGGCA-3′ | |
| TGF-β | F: 5′-CTAATGGTGGAAACCCACAACG-3′ |
| R: 5′-TATCGCCAGGAATTGTTGCTG-3′ | |
| P21 | F: 5′-CGATGGAACTTCGACTTTGTCA-3′ |
| R: 5′-GCACAAGGGTACAAGACAGTG-3′ | |
| TP53 | F: 5′-GAGGTTGGGCTCTCTGACTGTACC-3′ |
| R: 5′-TCCGTCCCAGTAGATTACCAC-3 | |
| β-CATENIN | F: 5′-CCTGTTCCCCTGAGGGTATT-3′ |
| R: 5′-CCATCAAATCAGCTTGAGTAGCC-3 | |
| Wnt2 | F: 5′-GCCTTTGTTTATGCCATCTCCT-3′ |
| R: 5′-CTTGGCGCTTCCCATCTTCTT-3′ | |
| c-MYC | F: 5′-TGCACCCACATCATCTACAG-3′ |
| R: 5′-ACTCGTCATTCCACTCCCAT-3′ | |
| cycD | F: 5′-AGTGAGCTCAGGAGGAGGTGGTGTAA-3′ |
| R: 5′-AGTAAGCTTGTGAGGGCAGAGGTGTC-3′ | |
| c-JUN | F: 5′-TCCAAGTGCCGAAAAAGGAAG-3′ |
| R: 5′-CGAGTTCTGAGCTTTCAAGGT-3′ | |
| Axin1 | F: 5′-GACAAGATCGCAGAGGAAGG-3′ |
| R: 5′-ACCCCCACAGTCAAACTCGTC-3′ | |
| GSK-3β | F: 5′-CCTGGGAACTCCAACAAGGG-3′ |
| R: 5′-GGGGTCGGAAGACCTTAGTC-3′ |