
Official incidence and trends of occupational musculoskeletal disorders in Turkey in 2014–2024: implications of possible underreporting
References
- World Health Organization; International Labour Organization. WHO/ILO joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury, 2000–2016: global monitoring report: global monitoring report, 2021 [displayed 9 January 2026]. Available at
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240034945 - World Health Organization. Musculoskeletal conditions. WHO Fact Sheet. Updated 2022 [displayed 9 January 2026]. Available at
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/musculoskeletal-conditions - Punnett L, Wegman DH. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: the epidemiologic evidence and the debate. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2004;14:13–23. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2003.09.015
- GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2020;396:1204–22. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9
- European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: prevalence, costs and demographics in the EU, 2019 [displayed 9 January 2026]. Available at
https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/msds-facts-and-figures-overview-prevalence-costs-and-demographics-msds-europe - GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018;392:1789–858. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7
- Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu (SGK). [SGK İstatistik Yıllıkları, in Turkish] [displayed 9 January 2026]. Available at
https://www.sgk.gov.tr/Istatistik/Yillik/fcd5e59b-6af9-4d90-a451-ee7500eb1cb4 - Şen S, Barlas G, Yakıştıran S, Derin İG, Şerifi BA, Özlü A, Braeckman L, van der Laan G, van Dijk F. Prevention of occupational diseases in Turkey: deriving lessons from journey of surveillance. Saf Health Work 2019;10:420–7. doi: 10.1016/j.shaw.2019.09.006
- Berberoğlu U, Tokuç B. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders at two textile factories in Edirne, Turkey. Balkan Med J 2013;30:23–7. doi: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2012.069
- Yilmaz T, Isik Andsoy I. Musculoskeletal system disorders among surgical nurses related to the health industry in northwestern Turkey: a cross-sectional study. Int J Occup Saf Ergon 2022;28:2119–24. doi: 10.1080/10803548.2021.1956797
- Republic of Türkiye. Bakanliğa vekâlet etme işlemi [Regulation on the Procedures and Principles for Determining Loss of Working Capacity and Earning Capacity in the Profession. Official Gazette, in Turkish]. October 11, 2008; No. 27021 [displayed 9 January 2026]. Available at
https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2008/10/20081011-7.htm - Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu [Social Insurance and Universal Health Insurance Act, in Turkish] No. 5510. T.C. Resmî Gazete No. 26200/2006
- Altundaş Hatman E, Öngel FS, Yavuz ME, Gülenç N. Work-related diseases and risk factors associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders among unionized metal industry workers: a cross-sectional study. Int J Occup Saf Erg on 2024;30:194–204. doi: 10.1080/10803548.2023.2284538
- Erdem M, Savaş N. Ergonomics-related and work-related musculoskeletal disorders in a high-hazard factory in Hatay region. J Contemp Med 2023;13:36–41. doi: 10.16899/jcm.1176447
- Kalaycı D, Alagüney ME, Yıldız AN. The estimated number of occupational diseases and work-related diseases in Turkey. Acta Medica 2019;50:17–24. doi: 10.32552/2019.ActaMedica.358
- Medeni V, Medeni İ, Tosun ME, Dikmen AU, Ilhan MN. Working conditions, health status, and musculoskeletal disorders among hospital cleaning workers: a cross-sectional study in Turkey. Med Pr 2024;75:397–413. doi: 10.13075/mp.5893.01509
- da Costa BR, Vieira ER. Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review of recent longitudinal studies. Am J Ind Med 2010;53:285–323. doi: 10.1002/ajim.20750
- Hulshof C, Pega F, Neupane S, van der Molen HF, Colosio C, Daams JG, Descatha A, Kc P, Kuijer PPFM, Mandic-Rajcevic S, Masci F, Morgan RL, Nygård CH, Oakman J, Proper KI, Solovieva S, Frings-Dresen MHW. The prevalence of occupational exposure to ergonomic risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury. Environ Int 2021;146:106157. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106157
- Güngör Ö, Özata Güngör Ö. Incidence analysis of occupational respiratory diseases in Türkiye: a cross-sectional legal registry-based study from 2013 to 2023. BMC Public Health 2025;25:2666. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-24014-2
- Bongers PM, de Winter CR, Kompier MA, Hildebrandt VH. Psychosocial factors at work and musculoskeletal disease. Scand J Work Environ Health 1993;19:297–312. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.1470
- Bernard BP, editor. Musculoskeletal Disorders and Workplace Factors: A Critical Review of Epidemiologic Evidence for Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Neck, Upper Extremity, and Low Back. Cincinnati: NIOSH; 1997 [displayed 9 January 2026]. Available at
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/97-141/ - Coggon D, Ntani G, Palmer KT, Felli VE, Harari R, Barrero LH, Felknor SA, Gimeno D, Cattrell A, Serra C, Bonzini M, Solidaki E, Merisalu E, Habib RR, Sadeghian F, Masood Kadir M, Warnakulasuriya SS, Matsudaira K, Nyantumbu B, Sim MR, Harcombe H, Cox K, Marziale MH, Sarquis LM, Harari F, Freire R, Harari N, Monroy MV, Quintana LA, Rojas M, Salazar Vega EJ, Harris EC, Vargas-Prada S, Martinez JM, Delclos G, Benavides FG, Carugno M, Ferrario MM, Pesatori AC, Chatzi L, Bitsios P, Kogevinas M, Oha K, Sirk T, Sadeghian A, Peiris-John RJ, Sathiakumar N, Wickremasinghe AR, Yoshimura N, Kelsall HL, Hoe VC, Urquhart DM, Derrett S, McBride D, Herbison P, Gray A. Disabling musculoskeletal pain in working populations: is it the job, the person, or the culture? Pain 2013;154:856–63. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.02.008
- Punnett L. Musculoskeletal disorders and occupational exposures: how should we judge the evidence concerning the causal association? Scand J Public Health 2014;42(13 Suppl):49–58. doi: 10.1177/1403494813517324
- Woolf AD, Pfleger B. Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions. Bull World Health Organ 2003;81:646–56. PMID: 14710506
- Cabeças JM, Monteiro C. Occupational musculoskeletal disorders in Europe: impact, risk factors and preventive regulations. Enterp Work Innov Stud 2006;2:95–104.
- Eurostat. Health and safety at work in Europe: a statistical portrait (1999–2007). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2010. doi: 10.2785/3863
- Health and Safety Executive. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders in Great Britain, 2025 [displayed 9 January 2026]. Available at
https://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/fatals.htm - Tanaka S, Petersen MR, Cameron LL. Prevalence and risk factors of tendinitis and related disorders of the distal upper extremity among US workers. Am J Ind Med 2001;39:328–35. doi: 10.1002/1097-0274(200103)39:3<;328::aid-ajim1021>3.0.co;2-i
- Mansfield E, MacEachen E, Tompa E, Kalcevich C, Endicott M, Yeung N. A critical review of literature on experience rating in workers’ compensation systems. Policy Pract Health Saf 2012;10:3–25. doi: 10.1080/14774003.2012.11667766
- International Labour Organization. Guidelines on occupational safety and health management systems (ILO-OSH 2001) [displayed 9 January 2026]. Available at
https://www.ilo.org/publications/guidelines-occupational-safety-and-health-management-systems-ilo-osh-2001 - Takala J, Hämäläinen P, Saarela KL, Yun LY, Manickam K, Jin TW, Heng P, Tjong C, Kheng LG, Lim S, Lin GS. Global estimates of the burden of injury and illness at work in 2012. J Occup Environ Hyg 2014;11:326–37. doi: 10.1080/15459624.2013.863131
- Del Rio-Chanona RM, Mealy P, Pichler A, Lafond F, Farmer JD. Supply and demand shocks in the COVID-19 pandemic: an industry and occupation perspective. Oxf Rev Econ Policy 2020;36:S94–137. doi: 10.1093/oxrep/graa033
- Kapoor K, Bigdeli A, Dwivedi YK, Raman R. How is COVID-19 altering the manufacturing landscape? A literature review of imminent challenges and management interventions. Ann Oper Res 2024;335:1567–99. doi: 10.1007/s10479-021-04397-2
- Nindiani A, Hakim A, Suryapranatha D, Waluya AI, Fariza AN. How COVID-19 outbreak pandemic provokes industrial activity alteration in Karawang. Ind Xplore 2021;6:1–11. doi: 10.36805/teknikindustri.v6i1.1367
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2026-77-4133 | Journal eISSN: 1848-6312 (formerly 0004-1254) | Journal ISSN: 0004-1254
Language: English, Croatian
Page range: 228 - 234
Submitted on: Apr 1, 2026
Accepted on: Aug 1, 2026
Published on: Sep 25, 2026
Published by: Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Elif Reyhan Şahin, Yağmur Kınacı Gümüşçubuk, published by Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.