Prevalence of MSSA and MRSA nasal carriage among food handlers in Skopje (with 95 % CI)
| Category | N | Prevalence (%) | 95 % CI |
|---|---|---|---|
| MSSA and MRSA | 36 | 12.5 | 8.7–16.3 |
| MSSA | 34 | 11.8 | 8.1–15.5 |
| MRSA | 2 | 0.7 | 0–1.7 |
Nasal S_ aureus carriage association with gender, job, body mass index, tooth brushing frequency, facial hair presence, nail hygiene, nose picking, nose rinsing, and hand washing
| Variable | Nasal carriers | Non-carriers | Total | Chi-square | df | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | ||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 22 | 15.7 | 118 | 46.6 | 140 | 2.642 | 1 | 0.104 |
| Female | 14 | 9.4 | 135 | 53.4 | 149 | |||
| Total | 36 | 12.5 | 253 | 100 | 289 | |||
| Job | ||||||||
| Cook, baker, assistant cook | 2 | 28.6 | 5 | 71.4 | 7 | 5.676 | 9 | 0.772 |
| Distributor | 1 | 16.7 | 5 | 83.3 | 16 | |||
| Quality control | 0 | 0 | 19 | 100 | 19 | |||
| Storekeeper | 9 | 15.3 | 50 | 84.7 | 59 | |||
| Packager | 1 | 11.1 | 8 | 88.9 | 9 | |||
| Salesman | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 1 | |||
| Worker in production | 19 | 13.1 | 126 | 86.9 | 145 | |||
| Caterer | 2 | 10 | 18 | 90 | 20 | |||
| Cleaner | 1 | 12.5 | 7 | 87.5 | 8 | |||
| Worker | 1 | 6.7 | 14 | 93.3 | 15 | |||
| Body mass index | ||||||||
| Underweight | 1 | 25 | 3 | 75 | 4 | 8.736 | 5 | 0.120 |
| Normal weight | 9 | 8.3 | 99 | 91.7 | 108 | |||
| Overweight | 12 | 10.5 | 102 | 89.5 | 114 | |||
| Obesity class I | 10 | 21.7 | 36 | 78.3 | 46 | |||
| Obesity class II | 4 | 25 | 12 | 75 | 16 | |||
| Obesity class III | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 1 | |||
| Daily tooth brushing frequency | ||||||||
| 0 | 8 | 17.8 | 37 | 82.2 | 45 | 6.546 | 4 | 0.162 |
| 1 | 12 | 16.7 | 60 | 83.3 | 72 | |||
| 2 | 11 | 8 | 126 | 92 | 137 | |||
| 3 | 3 | 10 | 25 | 89.3 | 28 | |||
| ≥4 | 2 | 28.6 | 5 | 71.4 | 7 | |||
| Facial hair | ||||||||
| Beard | 4 | 9.5 | 38 | 90.5 | 42 | 0.388 | 1 | 0.534 |
| No beard | 32 | 13 | 215 | 87 | 247 | |||
| Moustache | 4 | 11.1 | 32 | 88.9 | 36 | 0.068 | 1 | 0.794 |
| No moustache | 32 | 12.6 | 221 | 87.4 | 253 | |||
| Nail hygiene | ||||||||
| Tidy | 28 | 11.6 | 214 | 88.4 | 242 | 1.294 | 1 | 0.255 |
| Untidy | 8 | 17 | 39 | 83 | 47 | |||
| Nose picking frequency | ||||||||
| Often | 3 | 17.6 | 14 | 82.4 | 17 | 2.250 | 3 | 0.522 |
| Rarely | 9 | 17.6 | 42 | 82.4 | 51 | |||
| Very rarely | 9 | 10.2 | 79 | 89.8 | 88 | |||
| Not at all | 15 | 11.3 | 118 | 88.7 | 133 | |||
| Nasal rinsing before work | ||||||||
| Yes | 13 | 12.5 | 91 | 87.5 | 104 | 2.061 | 2 | 0.357 |
| No | 19 | 14.7 | 110 | 85.3 | 129 | |||
| Sometimes | 4 | 7.1 | 52 | 92.9 | 56 | |||
| Nasal rinsing after work | ||||||||
| Yes | 11 | 12.8 | 75 | 87.2 | 86 | 0.194 | 2 | 0.907 |
| No | 19 | 12.9 | 128 | 87.1 | 147 | |||
| Sometimes | 6 | 10.7 | 50 | 89.3 | 56 | |||
| Hand washing after using restroom | ||||||||
| Yes | 34 | 12 | 249 | 88 | 283 | 2.449 | 1 | 0.118 |
| Sometimes | 2 | 33.3 | 4 | 66.7 | 6 | |||
| Hand washing with soap after nose picking | ||||||||
| Yes | 26 | 12.6 | 180 | 87.4 | 206 | 1.325 | 2 | 0.515 |
| No | 5 | 9.1 | 50 | 90.9 | 55 | |||
| Sometimes | 5 | 17.9 | 23 | 82.1 | 28 | |||