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Indoor air bacterial and fungal burden in the environment of an atopic child: implications for elevated urine mycotoxin levels Cover

Indoor air bacterial and fungal burden in the environment of an atopic child: implications for elevated urine mycotoxin levels

Open Access
|Mar 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Total fungal (red) and bacterial (blue) counts in different areas of the a) music school, b) primary school, and c) apartment, and the respective outdoor counts

Figure 2

Mycotoxin levels (ng per g of creatinine) isolated from the child’s morning urine sample

Types of isolated moulds from indoor air samples taken at the three locations by investigated area

LocationIdentified mould isolates
Music school

EntranceAspergillus flavus (11)
Penicillium spp. (6)
Aspergillus fumigatus (29)
Candida albicans (3)

Middle areaAlternaria alternata (5)
Penicillium verrucosum (12)
Aspergillus fumigatus (13)
Aspergillus flavus (10)

Rear areaPenicillium spp. (7)
Penicillium verrucosum (12)
Aspergillus fumigatus (13)
Aspergillus flavus (10)
Alternaria alternata (5)

Primary school

ClassroomAlternaria alternata (8)
Aspergillus flavus (3)
Candida albicans (2)
Other (2)

Sports hallAspergillus niger (13)
Alternaria alternata (11)
Wallemia spp. (3)

Gym locker roomPenicillium spp. (5)
Alternaria alternata (10)
Other (3)

LobbyAlternaria alternata (14)
Aspergillus niger (15)
Penicillium spp. (4)
Other (3)

Apartment

BathroomAlternaria alternata (15)
Aspergillus flavus (3)
Candida albicans (12)
Paecilomyces variotii (18)

BedroomAspergillus niger (13)
Alternaria alternata (11)
Paecilomyces variotii (6)
Other (3)

Living roomPaecilomyces variotii (9)
Alternaria alternata (14)
Aspergillus niger (13)
Other (4)

Microclimatic conditions at the sampling locations

Air temperature (°C)Relative humidity (%)No. of people present
Music school
Entrance15.641.23
Middle area15.841.53
Rear area15.240.73
Outdoor air12.7382
Primary school
Classroom22.445.319
Sports hall21.546.57
Gym locker room22.241.41
Lobby22.738.422
Outdoor air15.3442
Apartment
Bathroom23.542.31
Bedroom21.246.41
Living room23.243.45
Outdoor air15.6442
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2026-77-4024 | Journal eISSN: 1848-6312 | Journal ISSN: 0004-1254
Language: English, Croatian, Slovenian
Page range: 65 - 72
Submitted on: Jul 1, 2025
Accepted on: Mar 1, 2026
Published on: Mar 30, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 Ivona Majić, Adela Krivohlavek, Elvira Kovač Andrić, Ranka Godec, published by Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.