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Integration of job satisfaction into the Personal Wellbeing Index: analysis of psychometric properties and sociodemographic influences among employees of the Croatian Health Insurance Fund Cover

Integration of job satisfaction into the Personal Wellbeing Index: analysis of psychometric properties and sociodemographic influences among employees of the Croatian Health Insurance Fund

By: Jozo Dubravac and  Renata Barić  
Open Access
|Dec 2025

Figures & Tables

ANOVA F ratios and significance for PWI-J domains by sociodemographic factors

PWI domainGender F (1,1027)Education F (2,1027)Age F (3,1027)Gender × Education F (2,1027)Gender × Age F (3,1027)Education × Age F (6,1027)Gender × Education × Age F (6,1027)
Standard of living1.8216.62***2.200.921.032.672.12
Health2.856.30**8.05***1.530.691.050.53
Achievements7.57*13.65***0.342.031.171.521.22
Relationships6.77*0.733.00*2.992.470.620.67
Safety4.41*2.683.30*1.121.662.27*1.89
Community4.34*0.513.41*0.231.651.850.86
Future security2.6711.96***0.331.670.721.440.90
Job satisfaction8.10***2.302.72*2.370.762.601.22

Major factors (dimensions) identified with principal component analysis

ComponentInitial eigenvaluesExtraction sums of squared loadingsRotation sums of squared loadings*
Total% of varianceCumulative %Total% of varianceCumulative %Total
  • Factor 1

  • Material-practical wellbeing

4.17352.15852.1584.17352.15852.1583.806
  • Factor 2

  • Socioemotional wellbeing

1.02712.84164.9991.02712.84164.9993.046

Distribution of the PWI-A scores in the 2018 Croatian sample vs_ Australian norms

RangeDescriptionCroatian sample % (N=1,051)Australian norms % (N=73,560)
Well (normal homeostatic control) (≥70 points)Person can maintain subjective well-being45.6 % (479)81.37 % (59,850)
UnderWell (challenged homeostatic control) (50–69 points)Person may be compromised in maintaining subjective well-being38.1 % (400)16.89 % (12,430)
NoWell (defeated homeostatic control) (0–49 points)Person unable to maintain subjective well-being; intervention may help16.4 % (172)1.74 % (1,280)

Domain-to-total-score correlations for PWI-J

PWI domainMean* if domain deletedVariance if domain deletedCorrected domain to total score correlationSquared multiple correlation**Cronbach’s alpha if domain deleted
Standard of living66.8314,6090.6100.4800.851
Health64.6815,3420.5190.2950.861
Achievements64.9614,7170.7010.5270.842
Relationships62.6716,1640.4920.4020.862
Safety65.2013,8170.7290.6000.836
Community63.2415,5150.6070.4760.852
Future security66.8113,7540.6700.5470.844
Job satisfaction65.6514,3000.6320.4360.848

Pearson’s correlation coefficients between the PWI-J domains

PWI domainStandard of livingHealthAchievementsRelationshipsSafetyCommunityFuture securityJob satisfaction
Standard of living1
Health0.365**1
Achievements0.594**0.459**1
Relationships0.217**0.378**0.458**1
Safety0.508**0.398**0.522**0.357**1
Community0.300**0.420**0.439**0.578**0.525**1
Future security0.566**0.348**0.531**0.304**0.685**0.431**1
Job satisfaction0.489**0.355**0.506**0.335**0.593**0.446**0.465**1
PWI-J0.718**0.639**0.777**0.594**0.811**0.695**0.774**0.739**

PWI-J scores and distribution by domains (N=1,051)

PWI domainMinMaxMeanSDSkewnessSkewness SEKurtosisKurtosis SE
Standard of living010052.2225.10−0.2090.075−0.5590.151
Health010067.3223.63−0.6650.075−0.0790.151
Achievements010065.3221.99−0.5520.075−0.1100.151
Relationships010081.3319.23−1.3250.0751.6360.151
Safety010063.6625.96−0.6360.075−0.3890.151
Community010077.3520.00−1.1410.0751.1200.151
Future security010052.3528.01−0.2370.075−0.9240.151
Job satisfaction010060.4926.17−0,4910.075−0.5410.151
PWI-A (without job satisfaction)410065.6517.08−0.5930.0750.1990.151
PWI-J (job satisfaction included)598.7565.0117.20−0.5550.0750.0990.151

Distribution of study participants by sociodemographic characteristics (N=1,051)*

CharacteristicCategoryFrequency (N)Percentage (%)
GenderFemale85381.20
Male19818.80
Age group19–3419618.60
35–4436734.90
45–5429728.30
55 and over19118.20
Education levelSecondary education53250.60
Bachelor’s degree12912.30
Master’s degree39037.10

Rotated component matrix obtained with principal component analysis

DomainFactor 1Factor 2
Standard of living0.945-
Health-0.523
Achievements0.625-
Relationships-0.965
Safety0.747-
Community-0.799
Future security0.844-
Job satisfaction0.664-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2025-76-4060 | Journal eISSN: 1848-6312 | Journal ISSN: 0004-1254
Language: English, Croatian, Slovenian
Page range: 265 - 273
Submitted on: Oct 1, 2025
|
Accepted on: Dec 1, 2025
|
Published on: Dec 30, 2025
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2025 Jozo Dubravac, Renata Barić, published by Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.