Table 1
Names and general structures of the tested ionic liquids
| Name | Abbreviation | Structure |
|---|---|---|
| 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide | [Bmim][Br] |  |
| 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium bromide | [Bpy][Br] |  |
Table 2
Comparison of [Bmim]Br and [Bpy]Br half-maximal inhibition (IC50) in different human cell lines
Figure 1
Proliferation curves for [Bmim]Br in A) MCF-7; B) HeLa; and C) HEK293T cells and for [Bpy]Br in D) HeLa; E) HEK293T; and F) MCF-7 cells
Figure 2
Motility of [Bmim]Br and [Bpy]Br in A) HeLa; B) HEK293T; and C) MCF-7 cells. * statistically significant difference from control (0 μmol/L) (p<0.05; Student’s t-test)
Table 3
Percentage of apoptotic cells in HeLa and MCF-7 human cancer cell lines treated with [Bmim]Br and [Bpy]Br
| Treatment type | Cell type | Concentration (μmol/L) | Cell percentage (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Living cells | Early apoptotic | Late apoptotic | Dead cells | |||
| [Bmim]Br | HeLa | 0 | 95.50 | 1.45 | 2.45 | 0.60 |
| 100 | 79.80* | 5.50* | 14.05* | 0.65 | ||
| 1500 | 47.53* | 8.52* | 42.15* | 1.79* | ||
| MCF-7 | 0 | 90.40 | 1.80 | 6.95 | 0.85 | |
| 100 | 61.28* | 2.00 | 35.33* | 1.40* | ||
| 1500 | 41.88* | 5.00* | 50.62* | 2.50* | ||
| [Bpy]Br | HeLa | 100 | 79.60* | 4.93* | 15.13* | 0.35 |
| 1000 | 38.32* | 8.98* | 50.90* | 1.80* | ||
| MCF-7 | 100 | 55.79* | 4.47* | 36.68* | 1.05 | |
| 1000 | 33.86* | 3.94* | 60.63* | 1.57* | ||
Figure 3
[Bmim]Br and [Bpy]Br effects on mRNA (panel A) and protein levels (panel B) of different cyclins and CDKs in HeLa cells. * statistically significant difference from control (0 μmol/L) (p<0.05; Student’s t-test)
Figure 4
HeLa cell cycle upon treatment with [Bmim]Br and [Bpy]Br: A) normal cell-cycle distribution; B) [Bmim]Br-treated cells showing G0/G1 phase arrest; and C) [Bpy]Br-treated cells with enhanced G0/G1 phase arrest