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Mechanistic insights into the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide and 1-butylpyridinium bromide on human cell lines Cover

Mechanistic insights into the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide and 1-butylpyridinium bromide on human cell lines

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology
Volume 76 (2025): Issue 3 (September 2025)
By: Lu Gao,  Charles Obinwanne Okoye,  Bonaventure Chidi Ezenwanne,  Jianxiong Jiang,  Guizhu Wu,  Lin Yu,  Daolin Du and  Yonglai Xue  
Open Access
|Sep 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Proliferation curves for [Bmim]Br in A) MCF-7; B) HeLa; and C) HEK293T cells and for [Bpy]Br in D) HeLa; E) HEK293T; and F) MCF-7 cells
Proliferation curves for [Bmim]Br in A) MCF-7; B) HeLa; and C) HEK293T cells and for [Bpy]Br in D) HeLa; E) HEK293T; and F) MCF-7 cells

Figure 2

Motility of [Bmim]Br and [Bpy]Br in A) HeLa; B) HEK293T; and C) MCF-7 cells. * statistically significant difference from control (0 μmol/L) (p<0.05; Student’s t-test)
Motility of [Bmim]Br and [Bpy]Br in A) HeLa; B) HEK293T; and C) MCF-7 cells. * statistically significant difference from control (0 μmol/L) (p<0.05; Student’s t-test)

Figure 3

[Bmim]Br and [Bpy]Br effects on mRNA (panel A) and protein levels (panel B) of different cyclins and CDKs in HeLa cells. * statistically significant difference from control (0 μmol/L) (p<0.05; Student’s t-test)
[Bmim]Br and [Bpy]Br effects on mRNA (panel A) and protein levels (panel B) of different cyclins and CDKs in HeLa cells. * statistically significant difference from control (0 μmol/L) (p<0.05; Student’s t-test)

Figure 4

HeLa cell cycle upon treatment with [Bmim]Br and [Bpy]Br: A) normal cell-cycle distribution; B) [Bmim]Br-treated cells showing G0/G1 phase arrest; and C) [Bpy]Br-treated cells with enhanced G0/G1 phase arrest
HeLa cell cycle upon treatment with [Bmim]Br and [Bpy]Br: A) normal cell-cycle distribution; B) [Bmim]Br-treated cells showing G0/G1 phase arrest; and C) [Bpy]Br-treated cells with enhanced G0/G1 phase arrest

Percentage of apoptotic cells in HeLa and MCF-7 human cancer cell lines treated with [Bmim]Br and [Bpy]Br

Treatment typeCell typeConcentration (μmol/L)Cell percentage (%)
Living cellsEarly apoptoticLate apoptoticDead cells
[Bmim]BrHeLa095.501.452.450.60
10079.80*5.50*14.05*0.65
150047.53*8.52*42.15*1.79*
MCF-7090.401.806.950.85
10061.28*2.0035.33*1.40*
150041.88*5.00*50.62*2.50*
[Bpy]BrHeLa10079.60*4.93*15.13*0.35
100038.32*8.98*50.90*1.80*
MCF-710055.79*4.47*36.68*1.05
100033.86*3.94*60.63*1.57*

Comparison of [Bmim]Br and [Bpy]Br half-maximal inhibition (IC50) in different human cell lines

Cell typeIC50 (μmol/L)
[Bmim]Br[Bpy]Br
HeLa841.86±21.03341.74±13.61*
MCF-7538.38±10.54333.27±19.18*
HEK293-T654.78±22.6328.98±26.49*

Names and general structures of the tested ionic liquids

NameAbbreviationStructure
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide[Bmim][Br]
1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium bromide[Bpy][Br]
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2025-76-3966 | Journal eISSN: 1848-6312 | Journal ISSN: 0004-1254
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Language: English, Croatian, Slovenian
Page range: 195 - 202
Submitted on: Feb 1, 2025
|
Accepted on: Aug 1, 2025
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Published on: Sep 30, 2025
Published by: Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
anti-proliferative effects,
apoptosis,
cell cycle arrest,
cytotoxicity,
HeLa cells,
HEK293T cells,
ionic liquids,
MCF-7 cells
Related subjects:
Medicine,
Basic medical science,
Basic medical science, other

© 2025 Lu Gao, Charles Obinwanne Okoye, Bonaventure Chidi Ezenwanne, Jianxiong Jiang, Guizhu Wu, Lin Yu, Daolin Du, Yonglai Xue, published by Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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