Figure 1
The effects of GBH and CGA treatments on AST (A), ALT (B), ALP (C), urea (D), and creatinine (E) levels in the serum of Wistar rats. Values are expressed as mean ± SD of seven rats per group. Different superscripts (a–c) above the bar indicate significant difference between groups (p<0.05)
Table 1
Blood, brain, heart, liver, and kidney tissue MDA levels in Wistar rats treated with CGA and/or GBH by gavage for 49 days
| Groups | Blood (nmol/mL) | Brain (nmol/g tissue) | Heart (nmol/g tissue) | Liver (nmol/g tissue) | Kidney (nmol/g tissue) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 5.66±0.27d | 2.63±0.07c | 4.43±0.51b | 4.83±0.43c | 4.41±0.26c |
| CGA 50 | 5.72±0.27d | 2.55±0.15c | 4.49±0.21b | 4.70±0.48c | 4.35±0.23c |
| GBH | 20.25±0.95a | 6.17±0.43a | 6.70±1.30a | 9.43±1.20a | 9.92±0.70a |
| CGA12.5+GBH | 8.36±0.35c | 5.15±0.12ab | 6.13±1.10ab | 8.81±1.09ba | 8.77±0.79ba |
| CGA25+GBH | 6.10±0.69b | 4.34±0.24b | 5.08±0.90b | 7.06±0.97b | 6.54±0.57b |
| CGA50+GBH | 5.88±1.56d | 3.78±0.10c | 4.57±0.39b | 5.03±0.54c | 5.32±0.48c |
[i] Values are expressed as means ± SD of seven rats per group. Different superscripts (a–d) in the same column indicate significant difference between groups (p<0.05). GBH – glyphosate-based herbicide (800 mg/kg); CGA12.5 – pre-treatment with chlorogenic acid (12.5 mg/kg) one hour before treatment with GBH (800 mg/kg); CGA25 – pre-treatment with chlorogenic acid (25 mg/kg) one hour before treatment with GBH (800 mg/kg); CGA50 – pre-treatment with chlorogenic acid (50 mg/kg) one hour before treatment with GBH (800 mg/kg)
Table 2
Blood, brain, heart, liver, and kidney tissue GSH levels in Wistar rats treated with CGA and/or GBH by gavage for 49 days
| Groups | Blood (nmol/mL) | Brain (nmol/g tissue) | Heart (nmol/g tissue) | Liver (nmol/g tissue) | Kidney (nmol/g tissue) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 34.30±3.12a | 4.88±0.34a | 4.43±0.16a | 6.76±0.35a | 6.63±0.54a |
| CGA 50 | 33.12±1.87a | 4.95±0.42a | 4.50±0.32a | 6.82±0.61a | 6.72±0.38a |
| GBH | 19.00±1.53d | 3.89±0.21b | 3.83±0.19b | 4.12±0.19c | 4.33±0.26c |
| CGA 12.5+GBH | 28.67±1.35c | 4.00±0.53b | 4.07±0.41b | 4.54±0.48bc | 4.62±0.43bc |
| CGA 25+GBH | 30.55±1.64b | 4.20±0.58ab | 4.23±0.36ab | 5.84±0.62b | 5.97±0.62b |
| CGA 50+GBH | 32.14±2.05a | 4.83±0.71a | 4.38±0.22a | 6.67±0.34a | 6.48±0.46a |
[i] Values are expressed as means ± SD of seven rats per group. Different superscripts (a–d) in the same column indicate significant difference between groups (p<0.05). GBH – glyphosate-based herbicide (800 mg/kg); CGA12.5 – pre-treatment with chlorogenic acid (12.5 mg/kg) one hour before treatment with GBH (800 mg/kg); CGA25 – pre-treatment with chlorogenic acid (25 mg/kg) one hour before treatment with GBH (800 mg/kg); CGA50 – pre-treatment with chlorogenic acid (50 mg/kg) one hour before treatment with GBH (800 mg/kg)
Table 3
Erythrocyte, brain, heart, liver, and kidney tissue SOD activity in Wistar rats treated with CGA and/or GBH by gavage for 49 days
| Groups | Erythrocyte (U/gHb) | Brain (U/g protein) | Heart (U/g protein) | Liver (U/g protein) | Kidney (U/g protein) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 17.55±2.44a | 1.43±0.14a | 2.51±0.42a | 6.91±0.44a | 6.42±1.37a |
| CGA50 | 17.61±2.19a | 1.51±0.47a | 2.65±0.27a | 7.14±0.95a | 6.74±1.81a |
| GBH | 6.13±1.04c | 0.48±0.13b | 1.39±0.32b | 1.09±0.12d | 0.80±0.27c |
| CGA12.5+GBH | 7.48±1.74c | 0.57±0.14b | 1.50±0.36b | 1.48±0.33d | 1.00±0.16c |
| CGA25+GBH | 12.65±2.61b | 1.02±0.22ab | 1.94±0.41ab | 2.47±0.32c | 1.54±0.22bc |
| CGA50+GBH | 16.72±2.73a | 1.47±0.18a | 2.55±0.42a | 4.01±0.42b | 2.53±0.57b |
[i] Values are expressed as means ± SD of seven rats per group. Different superscripts (a–d) in the same column indicate significant difference between groups (p<0.05). GBH – glyphosate-based herbicide (800 mg/kg); CGA12.5 – pre-treatment with chlorogenic acid (12.5 mg/kg) one hour before treatment with GBH (800 mg/kg); CGA25: pre-treatment with chlorogenic acid (25 mg/kg) one hour before treatment with GBH (800 mg/kg); CGA50: pre-treatment with chlorogenic acid (50 mg/kg) one hour before treatment with GBH (800 mg/kg)
Table 4
Erythrocyte, brain, heart, liver, and kidney tissue CAT activity in Wistar rats treated with CGA and/or GBH by gavage for 49 days
| Groups | Erythrocyte (U/mgHb) | Brain (CAT/g protein) | Heart (CAT/g protein) | Liver (CAT/g protein) | Kidney (CAT/g protein) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 15.32±2.40a | 1.11±0.17a | 1.15±0.21a | 6.46±1.34a | 4.81±0.94a |
| CGA50 | 13.51±2.08a | 1.19±0.16a | 1.22±0.23a | 6.78±1.52a | 4.97±1.02a |
| GBH | 3.18±1.04c | 0.41±0.19c | 0.59±0.12b | 0.95±0.23c | 0.81±0.43d |
| CGA12.5+GBH | 5.42±0.62c | 0.69±0.13b | 0.79±0.19a | 1.20±0.10c | 1.11±0.18cd |
| CGA25+GBH | 8.31±1.51b | 0.80±0.19b | 0.99±0.21a | 2.78±0.68b | 1.45±0.27c |
| CGA50+GBH | 8.84±2.73b | 1.05±0.22a | 1.04±0.24a | 3.75±0.63b | 3.02±0.94b |
[i] Values are expressed as means ± SD of seven rats per group. Different superscripts (a–d) in the same column indicate significant difference between groups (p<0.05). GBH – glyphosate-based herbicide (800 mg/kg); CAT – catalase; CGA12.5 – pre-treatment with chlorogenic acid (12.5 mg/kg) one hour before treatment with GBH (800 mg/kg); CGA25 – pre-treatment with chlorogenic acid (25 mg/kg) one hour before treatment with GBH (800 mg/kg); CGA50 – pre-treatment with chlorogenic acid (50 mg/kg) one hour before treatment with GBH (800 mg/kg)
Figure 2
The effects of GBH and CGA treatments on 8-OHdG levels in the plasma of Wistar rats. Values are expressed as mean ± SD of seven rats per group. Different superscripts (a–d) above the bar indicate a significant difference between groups (p<0.05)
Figure 3
H&E-stained slides showing the protective effects of CGA against GBH-induced damage in the brain (A), heart (B), liver (C), and kidney (D) of Wistar rats(20× magnification; scale bar 200 µm). 1 – control; 2 – CGA50; 3 – GBH; 4 – CGA12.5+GBH; 5 – CGA25+GBH; 6 – CGA50+GBH. Slides A3–A6: arrows indicate neuronal degeneration and focal gliosis; arrowheads indicate hyperaemia in the vessels and curved arrows indicate neuronal vacuolation in the brain. Slides B3–B6: arrows indicate myocardial hyaline degeneration; arrowheads indicate focal haemorrhage in the heart. Slides C3–C6: arrows indicate mononuclear cells infiltration in periportal areas; arrowheads indicate sinusoidal dilatation and curved arrows indicate binucleated hepatocytes in periportal areas in the liver. Slides D3–D6: arrows indicate degenerative and necrobiotic changes in tubular epithelial cells; arrowheads indicate hyaline cylinder formations within the lumens of tubules in kidney tissue
Table 5
Injury scores* in the brain, heart, liver, and kidney tissues of Wistar rats treated with CGA and/or GBH by gavage for 49 days
| Tissue | Parameters | Control | CGA50 | GBH | CGA12.5+GBH | CGA25+GBH | CGA50+GBH |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brain | Hyperaemia in the vessels neurons and focal | 0.00±0.00c | 0.00±0.00c | 1.77±0.82a | 0.73±0.56b | 0.36±0.07bc | 0.18±0.05bc |
| Degenerative changes of gliosis | 0.00±0.00b | 0.00±0.00b | 1.43±0.52a | 1.07±0.93a | 0.90±0.19a | 0.18±0.04b | |
| Neuronal vacuolation | 0.00±0.00c | 0.00±0.00c | 1.27±0.41a | 0.90±0.79b | 0.71±0.16bc | 0.36±0.06c | |
| Heart | Hyaline degeneration | 0.00±0.00c | 0.00±0.00c | 1.76±0.53a | 1.06±0.93b | 0.55±0.10bc | 0.18±0.04c |
| Focal haemorrhage | 0.00±0.00c | 0.00±0.00c | 1.60±0.54a | 1.05±0.15ab | 0.55±0.20bc | 0.36±0.03bc | |
| Liver | Dilatation of sinusoids | 0.00±0.00b | 0.00±0.00b | 1.26±0.40a | 1.05±0.15a | 0.55±0.10ab | 0.18±0.04b |
| Mononuclear cell infiltration in periportal areas | 0.00±0.00b | 0.00±0.00b | 1.43±0.52a | 0.53±0.18b | 0.18±0.04b | 0.16±0.03b | |
| Binucleated hepatocyte formations in periportal areas | 0.00±0.00c | 0.00±0.00c | 1.93±0.41a | 0.88±0.13b | 0.70±0.18bc | 0.18±0.04bc | |
| Kidney | Hyaline cast formations within the lumens of the tubules | 0.00±0.00c | 0.00±0.00c | 1.25±0.78a | 0.72±0.16ab | 0.36±0.12bc | 0.00±0.00c |
| Degenerative and necrobiotic alterations in the tubular epithelial cells | 0.00±0.00b | 0.00±0.00b | 1.76±0.51a | 0.70±0.18b | 0.36±0.16b | 0.18±0.04b |
* Scoring system according to Gibson-Corley et al. (22): 0 – no lesion; 1 – mild lesion; 2 – moderate lesion; 3 – severe lesion. Values are expressed as means ± SD of seven rats per group. Different superscripts (a–d) in the same column indicate significant difference between groups (p<0.05). GBH – glyphosate-based herbicide (800 mg/kg); CGA12.5 – pre-treatment with chlorogenic acid (12.5 mg/kg) one hour before treatment with GBH (800 mg/kg); CGA25 – pre-treatment with chlorogenic acid (25 mg/kg) one hour before treatment with GBH (800 mg/kg); CGA50 – pre-treatment with chlorogenic acid (50 mg/kg) one hour before treatment with GBH (800 mg/kg)