Figure 1
![Effect of different extraction conditions on the peak area. Citrate buffer (0.1 mol/L, pH=4, V=10 mL) was used for extraction. Samples [dehydrated lucerne (sample 1) with a mass fraction of 327 ng/g codeine and 1510 ng/g morphine] were prepared in triplicate. Results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67fc33abdf7b4851cb85b2ba/j_aiht-2025-76-3888_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL2Y7WIZC%2F20260306%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260306T032532Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEA4aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQCvkutjJqAI%2BOtw%2FVa7CPrK2sgqSovc7QTqwFBXJ5VjlwIhAJcpa0Gf%2B9CJ7fm1UmJI%2FR7PIp1pjxGx4E7NuGCLwUO5KsYFCNf%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgyy3tRNoypwe8WkTQoqmgV1yJ8eHHP4VzrhebJ9hYS2Eid%2BY0TfKLydMNNFx4eM2k9ABC7YfxGDjDY3aPYLflIGrci6Ltu24CNc1CjDn99c2Mpx5QpFUoUbZ2eiq1TaihBPTjY0K%2FP04XI9XR8AYZFXkXfb%2BQI3Q%2BFmHyAsoEjxk2OmA0IvrkQDYxXleGrecM4t2GgjPQyu7AlffpLAOhMdiWJa59nZT7rLDYDbedvSFDNQsXAm9UIyn%2ByAwVwupg2vGo0D6tETkE8sCYmbn5sAKg5MJUnVD59%2FmgGrcbwDQk4xBvwGeU94ssoMZHMMBwYzre7lCDS65GrTXdJKMev6j1OeA5u4SVSKKzfIwVnISCxnqLHiq211H3Oe4jE%2FbO615VWuSVcHLMCckjS8qIviJ2e966IJ%2BaGGp8%2BVVDIXGNkcWDu6jmO3yxtBvCv0G5vTXNE%2BOcjYPnXXluCTCylmk5sChNJ43k%2BSwZjGRa2y%2BFGBy2VjSqWwuGCCdrnJ7dv%2FyEuR0iU5Hkp7cZqur1o9xJ2Dk5RPP9mOaF0v4vByuP8eNUGsg%2F%2BKCQuZsi145n8D2srQo0j%2BGQ6VCLKV35r3sjvCuqLYowJ4he9fisObDFCKLYuAqc%2FKK5Gye6DywQAbHq6QAtEk%2BaTnkemGBKfXA%2BizLqdpW9DeVYYosVdqwDY0J0Gru97MT3iWIf7PeEXE1pVBYuSb9qh8LK35iOUM84DYhGfYDNufvNo6lc4jjrivd6TSv24hdrjzUp%2FZH4pGBt%2Bd4dCI6Fe3UyT1EtBtd0%2BRz4dE7uwPH%2Fzt3Cihg%2FxjIA9BdLVMVgziH4yB4XsvQUyIyOI%2B122NyLVul8lsNHvylytrlrnkWY%2FplwlDZ26S2nrc20OxX3G4m02GjMPY7kdjAnxp5w0w1fWnzQY6sAFnVzZpAPfXiLGX2nc%2FW17F800C2zoPEAmUhnZsVZ%2BMiFokhis75RPmIoScfPjHfas9YCqKZ0vW6SXatMdvWNbCX6w9x36rsq86tmOUSZMwDP3s%2B1NW9wvht95zVk3fQ%2FPtK%2F8QnIL2jW1dW79W2EfGnn6Idiw%2B%2FqKEpcPFlD2Ytmd3bDFbln1UcNodNNjSiLOQfKPoIELVteGNz7VeKquRJds05MHc3GhcnvGyxrjn1Q%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=f4259ff34c9a126c74225792006df8e65748cbd8b2fa4436e7ba879bf754406e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2

Figure 3

Limit of detection and quantification, accuracy, and precision for determining the mass fraction of morphine and codeine in dehydrated lucerne samples (n=6)
| Analyte | ω (ng/g) | Precision (RSD %) | Accuracy (%) | Limit of detection (ng/g) | Limit of quantification (ng/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morphine | 100 | 2.0 | 95.5 | 22 | 73 |
| 800 | 0.6 | 98.9 | |||
| Codeine | 100 | 3.9 | 96.2 | 25 | 83 |
| 800 | 1.1 | 99.7 |