Figure 1
Effect of sub-chronic oral 28-day exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF) on body weight gain (%, mean ± standard deviation) in adult male Wistar rats (N=5 per group). NC – negative control (NC); PC – positive control (ethyl methane sulphonate); SC – solvent control (0.03 % ethanol). * – significantly different from NC; $ – significantly different from SC (p<0.05)
Figure 2
Number of reticulocytes (mean ± standard deviation) per 1000 erythrocytes in adult male Wistar rats (N=5 per group) after sub-chronic oral 28-day exposure to chlorpyrifos. NC – negative control (NC); PC – positive control (ethyl methane sulphonate); SC – solvent control (0.03 % ethanol). * – significantly different from NC; b – significantly different from 0.015 mg/kg bw/day of CPF; c – significantly different from 0.015 mg/kg bw/day of CPF (p<0.05)
Figure 3
Number of micronuclei (mean ± standard deviation) in 2000 polychromatic erythrocytes in adult male Wistar rats (N=5 per group) after sub-chronic oral 28-day exposure to chlorpyrifos. NC – negative control (NC); PC – positive control (ethyl methane sulphonate); SC – solvent control (0.03 % ethanol). * – significantly different from NC; b– significantly different from 0.015 mg/kg bw/day of CPF (p<0.05)
Figure 4
Number of micronuclei (mean ± standard deviation) in 4000 reticulocytes in adult male Wistar rats (N=5 per group) after sub-chronic oral 28-day exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF). NC – negative control (NC); PC – positive control (ethyl methane sulphonate); SC – solvent control (0.03 % ethanol). ↑ – significantly different from all experimental groups (p<0.05)
Table 1
Effects of sub-chronic, oral, 28-day exposure to chlorpyrifos on primary DNA damage (tail DNA %) in bone marrow cells of adult male Wistar rats (N=5 per group) assessed with the alkaline comet assay
| Experimental group | Tail intensity (DNA %) |
|---|---|
| Negative control | 3.00±0.12 |
| 0.47 | |
| 0–27.83 | |
| Positive control (ethyl methane sulphonate) | 16.33±0.32* |
| 15.33 | |
| 0–47.55 | |
| Solvent control (0.03 % ethanol) | 3.58±0.15 |
| 0.46 | |
| 0–31.96 | |
| CPF 0.010 mg/kg bw/day | 3.09±0.12 |
| 0.48 | |
| 0–30.68 | |
| CPF 0.015 mg/kg bw/day | 3.21±0.14 |
| 0.42 | |
| 0–38.85 | |
| CPF 0.160 mg/kg bw/day | 2.70±0.13 |
| 0.31 | |
| 0–54.96 |
Figure 5
Photomicrograph of DNA damage in the bone marrow of adult male Wistar rats exposed to low doses chlorpyrifos by oral gavage for 28 consecutive days. The three bright nucleoids show low primary DNA damage; white arrow indicates a long-tailed nucleoid with extensive DNA damage. Letter c indicates a diffuse nucleoid with DNA damage possibly related to cytotoxicity