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New psychoactive and classic substances in pooled urine samples collected at the Ultra Europe festival in Split, Croatia Cover

New psychoactive and classic substances in pooled urine samples collected at the Ultra Europe festival in Split, Croatia

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology
Volume 72 (2021): Issue 3 (September 2021)
By: Davorka Sutlović,  Sendi Kuret and  Marija Definis  
Open Access
|Sep 2021

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Location of the sampled chemical toilets during the Split Ultra music festival in 2016 (A), 2017 (B), and 2018 (C)
Location of the sampled chemical toilets during the Split Ultra music festival in 2016 (A), 2017 (B), and 2018 (C)

Figure 2

Number of classic and NPS drugs identified in urine samples during the Split Ultra music festival from 2016 to 2018 by sampling site (chemical toilet). 1a to 4a – samples taken from the toilet without added chemicals. NPS – new psychoactive substances
Number of classic and NPS drugs identified in urine samples during the Split Ultra music festival from 2016 to 2018 by sampling site (chemical toilet). 1a to 4a – samples taken from the toilet without added chemicals. NPS – new psychoactive substances

Figure 3

Number of classic and NPS drugs identified in urine samples during the Split Ultra music festival from 2016 to 2018 by festival day. NPS – new psychoactive substances
Number of classic and NPS drugs identified in urine samples during the Split Ultra music festival from 2016 to 2018 by festival day. NPS – new psychoactive substances

Compounds detected in 18 pooled urine samples at the Split Ultra music festival in 2016 and 2017 by festival days

GroupSubstancesSubstance class20162017
DayDay
123123
Classic (25)NicotineStimulant++++++
CotinineStimulant++++++
TheobromineStimulant++++++
CaffeineStimulant++++++
AmphetamineStimulant+ +
MDEA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine)Stimulant ++
HMMA (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-methamphetamine)Stimulant +
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine)Stimulant +++++
MDDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N, N-dimethylamphetamine)Stimulant + +
3,4-MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)Stimulant +++ +
pMMA (para-methoxyamphetamine)Stimulant +
PropylhexedrineStimulant++ + +
CocaineStimulant ++
Ecgonine methyl estereStimulant+ + +
CocaethyleneStimulant +
ButabarbitalHypnotic++
PentobarbitalHypnotic+++
D9-THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)Hallucinogen++
MethadoneOpiate+ ++
OxymorphoneOpioid analgesic +
TramadolOpioid analgesic + +
PhenacetineAnalgesic+
BenzocaineLocal anesthetic +
ParacetamolAntipyretic++++++
IbuprofenNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug++++++
NPS (19)Bk-MPA (β-keto-methiopropamine)Cathinone + +
3,4-dimethylmethcathinoneCathinone++++
3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanoneCathinone +
MethedroneCathinone+
MephedroneCathinone ++
MethyloneCathinone+
BuphedroneCathinone+
PhenetylaminePhenethylamine ++
3-fluoromethamphetaminePhenethylamine ++
4-fluoromethamphetaminePhenethylamine +++
Bk-MBDB (β-keto-N-methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine) metabolite 3-OH-4-MeOPhenethylamine ++
N-ethyl-N-hexylamphetaminePhenethylamine+++
N-hexyl, N-methylbezylaminePhenethylamine + +
KetamineAnesthetic +
1-benzylpiperazinePiperazine++
5 MeO DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine)Tryptamine + +
PsilocinTryptamine alkaloid +
N-ethyl-1,2-diphenylethylamineHallucinogen+
Salvinorin AHallucinogen +

Compounds detected in 12 pooled urine samples at the Split Ultra music festival in 2018 by festival days

GroupSubstancesSubstance classDay
12
Sample
123456789101112
Classic (14)NicotineStimulant++++++++++++
CotinineStimulant++++++++++++
TheobromineStimulant++++++++++++
CaffeineStimulant++++++++++++
HMMA (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-methamphetamine)Stimulant+ + +
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine)Stimulant + + +
MDDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxy-N,N-dimethylamphetamine)Stimulant+
3,4-MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)Stimulant +
CocaineStimulant+++ + ++
Ecgonine methyl esterStimulant+ + + ++
CocaethyleneStimulant +
Mepivacaineanaesthetic Local++
ParacetamolAntipyretic +
IbuprofenNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug+ +++++++++
NPS (2)MethcathinoneCathinone++++ +
4-fluorometh-amphetaminePhenethy1amine+

Location and time of urine sampling at the Split Ultra festival by day

2016Day 1 Friday/SaturdayDay 2 Saturday/Sunday (13 pm – 5 am)Day 3 Sunday/Monday (17 pm – 5 am)
Collection time1 am2 pm6 am6 am
Location 1sample 1asample 2asample 3asample 4a
Location 2sample 1sample 2sample 3sample 4
2017Day 1 Friday/Saturday (5 pm – 5 am)Day 2 Saturday/Sunday (5 pm – 5 am)Day 3 Sunday/Monday (5 pm – 5 am)
Collection time2 am2 am 2 am
Location 1sample 1sample 5sample 8
Location 2sample 2sample 6sample 9
Location 3sample 3sample 7sample 10
sample 4
2018Day 1 Friday/SaturdayDay 2 Saturday/Sunday
Collection time4 am4 am
Location 1samples 1, 2, 3-
Location 2samples 4, 5samples 7, 8, 9
Location 3sample 6samples 10, 11
Location 4-sample 12
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2021-72-3509 | Journal eISSN: 1848-6312 | Journal ISSN: 0004-1254
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Language: English, Croatian, Slovenian
Page range: 198 - 204
Submitted on: Nov 1, 2020
Accepted on: Sep 1, 2021
Published on: Sep 28, 2021
Published by: Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
amphetamines,
cathinones,
music festival,
portable chemical toilet,
recreational drugs
Related subjects:
Medicine,
Basic medical science,
Basic medical science, other

© 2021 Davorka Sutlović, Sendi Kuret, Marija Definis, published by Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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