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Counteracting poisoning with chemical warfare nerve agents Cover

Counteracting poisoning with chemical warfare nerve agents

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology
Volume 71 (2020): Issue 4 (December 2020)
By:
Open Access
|Dec 2020

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Representatives of the G-series (tabun, sarin, soman, cyclosarin), V-series (VX, VR), IVA agents (GV), and Novichok series (16) of nerve agents (A-230, A-232, A234, A242, A-262)
Representatives of the G-series (tabun, sarin, soman, cyclosarin), V-series (VX, VR), IVA agents (GV), and Novichok series (16) of nerve agents (A-230, A-232, A234, A242, A-262)

Figure 2

Hydrolysis of acetylcholine (A), phosphylation and aging (B), and reactivation of nerve agent-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (C)
Hydrolysis of acetylcholine (A), phosphylation and aging (B), and reactivation of nerve agent-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (C)

Figure 3

Standard pyridinium aldoxime reactivators of phosphylated acetylcholinesterase, antimuscarinic atropine, and anticonvulsant diazepam, currently approved for nerve agent poisoning therapy
Standard pyridinium aldoxime reactivators of phosphylated acetylcholinesterase, antimuscarinic atropine, and anticonvulsant diazepam, currently approved for nerve agent poisoning therapy

Figure 4

Non-oxime compounds investigated as potential treatment in case of nerve agent poisoning (120, 123)
Non-oxime compounds investigated as potential treatment in case of nerve agent poisoning (120, 123)

Figure 5

Bioscavenging of native acetylcholinesterase from inhibition with nerve agents. A) stoichiometric bioscavenging; mole-to-mole reaction between exogenous enzyme scavenger and nerve agent, B) oxime-assisted catalytic scavenging; exogenous enzyme turned into catalytic bioscavenger in the presence of an oxime enabling nerve agent degradation by cycles of inhibition and reactivation of exogenous enzyme scavenger, C) catalytic bioscavenging; low amount of exogenous enzyme scavenger rapidly hydrolyses nerve agent with a turnover
Bioscavenging of native acetylcholinesterase from inhibition with nerve agents. A) stoichiometric bioscavenging; mole-to-mole reaction between exogenous enzyme scavenger and nerve agent, B) oxime-assisted catalytic scavenging; exogenous enzyme turned into catalytic bioscavenger in the presence of an oxime enabling nerve agent degradation by cycles of inhibition and reactivation of exogenous enzyme scavenger, C) catalytic bioscavenging; low amount of exogenous enzyme scavenger rapidly hydrolyses nerve agent with a turnover

Symptoms of nerve agent poisoning arising from acetylcholine build-up at muscarinic and nicotinic membrane receptors (8, 23, 40, 41)

SystemSymptoms
BrainRestlessness, headache, dizziness, convulsions, inhibition of central respiratory centres, loss of consciousness, coma
EyesBlurred vision, conjunctivitis, myosis
RespiratoryRhinorrhoea, bronchoconstriction, bronchorrhea, pulmonary oedema
CardiovascularEither tachycardia or bradycardia, and either hypotension or hypertension
Gastro-intestinalCramping, abdominal pain, nausea, salivation, vomiting, defecation, urinary incontinence
MuscleTwitching, fasciculation, tremors, muscle cramps, paralysis
SkinIncreased sweating
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3459 | Journal eISSN: 1848-6312 | Journal ISSN: 0004-1254
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Language: English, Croatian, Slovenian
Page range: 266 - 284
Submitted on: Jul 1, 2020
Accepted on: Nov 1, 2020
Published on: Dec 31, 2020
Published by: Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 times per year
Keywords:
bioscavenger,
cholinesterases,
cyclosarin,
Novichoks,
organophosphate,
sarin,
tabun,
VX
Related subjects:
Medicine,
Basic medical science,
Basic medical science, other

© 2020 Nikolina Maček Hrvat, Zrinka Kovarik, published by Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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