The influence of specific aspects of occupational stress on security guards’ health and work ability: detailed extension of a previous study

	Mean	SD	Median	Min	Max	% Total OSI score	Max score points	% Max score
High demands	16.1	10.0	19.5	0.0	32.0	20.7	40 points	40.2
Strictness	14.9	4.5	14.0	6.5	22.5	19.1	24 points	61.9
Conflict/uncertainty	12.6	6.7	10.0	5.0	26.0	16.3	30 points	42.2
Underload	12.3	8.1	9.5	0.0	22.0	15.8	22 points	55.8
Threat avoidance	9.0	4.9	9.5	0.5	17.0	11.6	20 points	44.8
Noxious exposures	8.5	4.3	10.0	0.0	14.0	10.9	14 points	60.6
Extrinsic time pressure	4.4	2.5	3.5	1.0	9.5	5.6	10 points	43.6
Total OSI score	77.7	10.7	81.3	52.5	97.0	100.0	160 points	48.6

[i] OSI – Occupational Stress Index (44)

Table 2

Inter-correlations between total OSI score and specific OSI aspects

	Total OSI score		High demands		Strictness		Conflict / uncertainty		Underload		Threat avoidance		Noxious exposures		Extrinsic time pressure
	r_s	p	r_s	p	r_s	p	r_s	p	r_s	P	r_s	P	r_s	P	r_s	P
Total OSI score	-	-	0.824	<0.001*	0.874	<0.001*	0.594	<0.001*	-0.643	<0.001*	-0.145	0.004	-0.238	<0.001*	0.701	<0.001*
High demands	0.824	<0.001*	-	-	0.875	<0.001*	0.389	<0.001*	-0.905	<0.001*	-0.212	<0.001*	-0.483	<0.001*	0.748	<0.001*
Strictness	0.874	<0.001*	0.875	<0.001*	-	-	0.551	<0.001*	-0.802	<0.001*	-0.275	<0.001*	-0.430	<0.001*	0.738	<0.001*
Conflict / uncertainty	0.594	<0.001*	0.389	<0.001*	0.551	<0.001*	-	-	-0.360	<0.001*	-0.676	<0.001*	-0.399	<0.001*	0.528	<0.001*
Underload	-0.643	<0.001*	-0.905	<0.001*	-0.802	<0.001*	-0.360	<0.001*	-	-	0.285	<0.001*	0.561	<0.001*	-0.725	<0.001*
Threat avoidance	-0.145	0.004	-0.212	<0.001*	-0.275	<0.001*	-0.676	<0.001*	0.285	<0.001*	-	-	0.697	<0.001*	-0.415	<0.001*
Noxious exposures	-0.238	<0.001*	-0.483	<0.001*	-0.430	<0.001*	-0.399	<0.001*	0.561	<0.001*	0.697	<0.001*	-	-	-0.495	<0.001*
Extrinsic time pressure	0.701	<0.001*	0.748	<0.001*	0.738	<0.001*	0.528	<0.001*	-0.725	<0.001*	-0.415	<0.001*	-0.495	<0.001*	-	-

[i] * remained significant after the Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons (p<0.0001). OSI=Occupational Stress Index (44); p=statistical significance of correlations; r_s= Spearman's rank correlation coefficients

Table 3

Association of specific OSI aspects scores with health impairments and permanent work disability [Mann-Whitney U test for significant differences (p) in specific OSI scores between security guards with and without specific health impairment or permanent work disability]

Health impairment/work disability presence:		Specific OSI aspects scores
		N	High demands		Strictness		Conflict / uncertainty		Underload		Threat avoidance		Noxious exposures		Extrinsic time pressure
		(%)	Median (Min-Max)	P	Median (Min-Max)	P	Median (Min-Max)	P	Median (Min-Max)	P	Median (Min-Max)	P	Median (Min-Max)	P	Median (Min-Max)	P
Hyperglycaemia	yes	308	19.5		14.5		10.5		9.8		10.0		10.0		3.5
	(77.2)	(0.0-32.0)		(7.0 - 22.5)		(5.0-26.0)		(0.0-22.0)		(0.5 - 16.5)		(0.0 - 14.0)		(1.0 - 9.5)
				0.003		<0.001*		<0.001*		0.134		0.321		0.305		0.011
no	91	19.0		12.5		8.5		9.5		7.0		9.5		3.0
(22.8)	(0.0-30.0)		(6.5 - 22.0)		(5.0-24.0)		(0.5-21.0)		(0.5 - 17.0)		(0.0 - 13.5)		(1.0 - 9.5)
Dyslipidaemia	yes	330	19.8		14.5		10.0		9.5		10.0		10.0		3.5
	(82.7)	(0.0-32.0)		(7.0 - 22.5)		(5.0-26.0)		(0.0 - 22.0)		(0.5 - 16.5)		(0.0 - 14.0)		(1.0 - 9.5)
				<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		0.539		0.162		0.287		0.002
no	69	5.5		10.5		8.5		19.0		6.5		10.0		3.0
(17.3)	(0.5-28.8)		(6.5-22.0)		(5.5-24.0)		(0.5-21.0)		(1.0 - 17.0)		(0.0 - 13.5)		(1.0 - 9.5)
Hypertension	yes	270	19.8		14.5		10.5		9.5		9.5		10.0		3.5
	(69.9)	(0.0-32.0)		(7.0-22.5)		(5.0-26.0)		(0.0 - 22.0)		(0.5 - 16.5)		(0.0 - 14.0)		(1.0 - 9.5)
				0.002		<0.001*		<0.001*		0.217 0.217		0.215		0.952		0.001
no	120	14.9		13.3		8.5		11.0		9.3		10.0		3.0
(30.1)	(0.0-30.0)		(6.5-22.0)		(5.0-24.0)		(0.5-21.0)		(0.5 - 17.0)		(0.0 - 13.5)		(1.0 - 9.5)
Metabolic syndrome	yes	306	19.8		14.5		10.5		9.5		9.5		10.0		3.5
	(76.7)	(0.0-32.0)		(7.0 - 22.5)		(5.0-26.0)		(0.0-22.0)		(0.5 - 16.5)		(0.0 - 14.0)		(1.0 - 9.5)
				<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		0.661		0.344		0.414		0.003
no	93	14.9		13.3		8.5		11.0		9.3		10.0		3.0
(23.3)	(0.0-30.0)		(6.5-22.0)		(5.0-24.0)		(0.5-21.0)		(0.5 - 17.0)		(0.0 - 13.5)		(1.0 - 9.5)
Diabetes type	yes	155	25.5		20.0		21.0		4.0		5.0		3.0		7.0
	(38.8)	(0.5-32.0)		(7.5-22.5)		(5.5-26.0)		(0.0-22.0)		(0.5 - 16.5)		(0.0 - 14.0)		(1.0 - 9.5)
				<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
no	244	10.1		13.0		9.0		19.0		10.5		10.0		3.0
(61.2)	(0.0-30.0)		(6.5-22.5)		(5.0-24.5)		(0.5-22.0)		(0.5 - 17.0)		(0.0 - 13.5)		(1.0 - 9.5)
Angina pectoris	yes	27	28.5		21.0		24.0		3.0		5.0		2.5		8.0
	(6.8)	(9.5-31.5)		(11.5-2.5)		(5.0-26.0)		(0.5-21.0)		(0.5 - 15.0)		(0.5 - 13.0)		(2.0 - 9.5)
				<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		0.003		<0.001*		<0.001*
no	372	11.0		14.0		9.5		14.5		9.5		10.0		3.5
(93.2)	(0.0-32.0)		(6.5-22.5)		(5.0-26.0)		(0.0-22.0)		(0.5 - 17.0)		(0.0 - 14.0)		(1.0 - 9.5)
Myocardial infarction	yes	25	29.0		20.0		24.0		2.5		4.5		2.0		8.5
	(6.3)	(9.0-31.5)		(11.5-2.5)		(6.5 -26.0)		(0.0-21.0)		(0.5 - 16.0)		(0.0 - 13.0)		(2.0 - 9.5)
				<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		0.002		<0.001*		<0.001*
no	374	11.0		14.0		9.5		14.3		9.5		10.0		3.5
(93.7)	(0.0-32.0)		(6.5-22.5)		(5.0-26.0)		(0.5-22.0)		(0.5 - 17.0)		(0.0 - 14.0)		(1.0 - 9.5)
Cerebrovascular insults	yes	26	29.3		20.5		24.0		2.8		4.8		2.3		8.3
	(6.5)	(8.3 - 32.0)		(12.5 - 2.5)		(5.0 - 26.0)		(0.0 - 20.5)		(0.5 - 16.5)		(0.0 - 12.5)		(2.5 - 9.5)
				<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		0.002		<0.001*		<0.001*
no	373	11.0		14.0		9.5		14.5		9.5		10.0		3.5
(93.5)	(0.0-31.5)		(6.5-22.5)		(5.0-26.0)		(0.5-22.0)		(0.5 - 17.0)		(0.0 - 14.0)		(1.0 - 9.5)
Eye-fundus changes	yes	41	28.0		21.0		24.5		3.0		3.5		2.0		8.0
	(10.3)	(2.5 - 32.0)		(9.0 - 22.5)		(6.5 - 26.0)		(0.0-21.5)		(0.5 - 15.0)		(0.0 - 13.0)		(2.5 - 9.5)
				<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*	(2.5 - 9.5)	<0.001*
no	358	11.0		14.0		9.5		15.0		10.0		10.0		3.0
(89.7)	(0.0-31.5)		(6.5-22.5)		(5.0-26.0)		(0.5 - 22.0)		(0.5 - 17.0)		(0.0 - 14.0)		(1.0 - 9.5)
Permanent work disability	yes	26	28.9		20.8		24.0		3.0		5.0		2.5		8.3
	(6.5)	(9.5 - 32.0)		(13.5 - 2.5)		(6.5 - 26.0)		(0.0 - 21.0)		(0.5 - 16.5)		(0.0 - 12.5)		(2.5 - 9.5)
				<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		0.004		<0.001*		<0.001*
no	373	11.0		14.0		9.5		14.5		9.5		10.0		3.5
(93.5)	(0.0-31.5)		(6.5-22.5)		(5.0-26.0)		(0.5 - 22.0)		(0.5 - 17.0)		(0.0 - 14.0)		(1.0 - 9.5)

[i] * remained significant alter the Bonferroni corrections tor multiple comparisons (p<0.00071); N = number of subjects; OSI=Occupational Stress Index (44); p = statistical significance of difference; SD = standard deviation

Table 4

Ridge (penalised) linear regression models for assessing independent impact of specific OSI aspects on health and temporary work disability indicators (with adjustment for age, BMI, smoking status, and influence of other OSI aspects)

Predictors (independent variables)	Dependent (predicted) variables
	Glucose		Triglycerides		Total cholesterol		LDL cholesterol		HDL cholesterol		Systolic BP		Diastolic BP		Heart Rate		Framingham risk score		Lost working days
	β	p	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	p	p	β	P	p	p	β	P	β	P
Model including only age, BMI and smoking status
Age	0.199	<0.001*	0.223	<0.001*	0.286	<0.001*	0.296	<0.001*	-0.179	<0.001*	0.150	<0.001*	0.079	0.012	0.130	<0.001*	0.553	<0.001*	0.158	<0.001*
BMI	0.597	<0.001*	0.647	<0.001*	0.627	<0.001*	0.576	<0.001*	-0.368	<0.001*	0.637	<0.001*	0.608	<0.001*	0.557	<0.001*	0.402	<0.001*	0.572	<0.001*
Smoking status	0.205	<0.001*	0.149	<0.001*	0.183	<0.001*	0.195	<0.001*	-0.132	<0.001*	0.149	<0.001*	0.121	<0.001*	0.196	<0.001*	0.195	<0.001*	5.465	<0.001*
Ridge parameter †	0.116		0.091		0.061		0.063		0.157		0.122		0.158		0.179		0.064		0.159
Ridge model adjusted R²	0.533		0.597		0.625		0.572		0.241		0.535		0.456		0.445		0.754		0.473
Overall ridge model p- value	<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
Model including age, BMI, smoking status and all OSI aspects together
Age	0.048	0.136	0.055	0.078	0.051	0.100	0.059	0.089	-0.082	0.051	-0.003	0.914	-0.039	0.229	0.008	0.801	0.446	<0.001*	0.040	0.218
BMI	0.477	<0.001*	0.510	<0.001*	0.463	<0.001*	0.418	<0.001*	-0.296	<0.001*	0.511	<0.001*	0.502	<0.001*	0.461	<0.001*	0.316	<0.001*	0.468	<0.001*
Smoking status	0.302	<0.001*	0.243	<0.001*	0.307	<0.001*	0.333	<0.001*	-0.226	<0.001*	0.239	<0.001*	0.198	<0.001*	0.283	<0.001*	0.362	<0.001*	0.253	<0.001*
High demands	0.123	<0.001*	0.140	<0.001*	0.209	<0.001*	0.205	<0.001*	-0.071	0.040	0.112	<0.001*	0.078	0.005	0.088	<0.001*	0.093	0.004	0.075	0.006
Strictness	0.275	<0.001*	0.269	<0.001*	0.272	<0.001*	0.289	<0.001*	-0.244	<0.001*	0.266	<0.001*	0.256	<0.001*	0.246	<0.001*	0.218	<0.001*	0.225	<0.001*
Conflict / uncertainty	0.190	<0.001*	0.228	<0.001*	0.283	<0.001*	0.272	<0.001*	-0.119	0.005	0.218	<0.001*	0.189	<0.001*	0.162	<0.001*	0.149	<0.001*	0.170	<0.001*
Underload	0.275	<0.001*	0.294	<0.001*	0.318	<0.001*	0.318	<0.001*	-0.204	<0.001*	0.267	<0.001*	0.247	<0.001*	0.222	<0.001*	0.224	<0.001*	0.226	<0.001*
Threat avoidance	0.177	<0.001*	0.166	<0.001*	0.203	<0.001*	0.237	<0.001*	-0.210	<0.001*	0.169	<0.001*	0.161	<0.001*	0.182	<0.001*	0.158	<0.001*	0.146	<0.001*
Noxious exposures	-0.024	0.496	-0.050	0.180	-0.085	0.044	-0.066	0.153	-0.036	0.406	-0.033	0.347	-0.017	0.598	0.005	0.863	-0.023	0.527	-0.012	0.693
Extrinsic time pressure	0.029	0.448	0.020	0.607	0.020	0.646	0.031	0.518	-0.028	0.535	0.024	0.511	0.019	0.590	0.038	0.241	-0.008	0.838	0.053	0.130
Ridge parameter ‡	0.116		0.091		0.061		0.063		0.157		0.122		0.158		0.179		0.064		0.159
Ridge adjusted model R²	0.597		0.669		0.726		0.666		0.285		0.604		0.514		0.501		0.781		0.524
Overall model p- ridge value	<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*

[i] * remained significant after the Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons (p<0.00071). †ridge parameter set to be equal with the ridge parameter of full model below (which also includes all OSI aspects), ‡ridge parameter automatically calculated using the method of Cule and De Iorio (55, 56). ß (beta) – standardised linear regression coefficients after ridge- penalisation; BMI – body mass index; HDL – high density lipoprotein; LDL – low density lipoprotein; OSI – Occupational Stress Index; p – statistical significance of regression coefficients; R² – coefficient of determination

Table 5

Comparison of specific OSI aspect scores and total OSI score between security guards and other professions in Serbia

	Security guards compared with other professions (reference)
	Professional drivers (40, 41, 42)	Banking workers (41)	Electronic industry workers (41)	Metal industry workers (41)
High demands	≈	↓	↑	↑
Strictness	≈	↓	↑	≈
Conflict/uncertainty	≈	↓	↑	↑
Underload	↑	↑	↓	↓
Threat avoidance	≈	↑	↑	↓
Noxious exposures	≈	↑	↓	↓
Extrinsic time pressure	↓	↓	↑	↑
Total OSI score	≈	≈	↑	≈

[i] ↑–higher in security guards; ↓ –lower in security guards, ≈ –similar; OSI – Occupational Stress Index

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3379 | Journal eISSN: 1848-6312 (formerly 0004-1254) | Journal ISSN: 0004-1254

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Language: English, Croatian

Page range: 359 - 374

Submitted on: Dec 1, 2019

Accepted on: Dec 1, 2020

Published on: Dec 31, 2020

Published by: Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

cardiovascular diseases,

diabetes,

hypertension,

metabolic syndrome,

occupational exposure,

psychological stress,

sick leave

Related subjects:

Medicine,

Basic medical science,

Basic medical science, other

© 2020 Jovica Jovanović, Ivana Šarac, Jasmina Debeljak Martačić, Gordana Petrović Oggiano, Marta Despotović, Biljana Pokimica, Blerim Cupi, published by Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 71 (2020): Issue 4 (December 2020)