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Gamma-hydroxybutyrate abuse: pharmacology and poisoning and withdrawal management Cover

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate abuse: pharmacology and poisoning and withdrawal management

Open Access
|Apr 2020

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Chemical structures of GHB, GBL, and 1,4-BD

Figure 2

Synthesis of GABA from glutamate and metabolism into succinic semialdehyde or GHB (adapted from reference 37)

Figure 3

Algorithm for the management of the withdrawal syndrome in patients abusing GHB and its precursors/analogues (adapted from reference 63)

Neurological symptoms of acute GHB poisoning

Very common symptomsCommon symptomsLess common symptoms
Ataxia, disorientation, dizziness, confusion, hallucinations, somnolence, slurred speech, myosisDysarthria, confusion, headache, incoordination, euphoria, amnesia, hypotonia, hyporeflexia, tremor, myoclonus, horizontal and vertical gaze nystagmusBruxism, vertigo, disinhibition, increased sexual arousal, delusions, extrapyramidal side effects, dystonias, athetosis, mydriasis
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3314 | Journal eISSN: 1848-6312 | Journal ISSN: 0004-1254
Language: English, Croatian, Slovenian
Page range: 19 - 26
Submitted on: Jul 1, 2019
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Accepted on: Mar 1, 2020
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Published on: Apr 9, 2020
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2020 Enrico Marinelli, Renata Beck, Antonio Malvasi, Alfredo Fabrizio Lo Faro, Simona Zaami, published by Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.