Abstract
The article presents endogenous and exogenous factors affecting the aging process and longevity, indicating their influence on the epigenome and genome. While discussing endogenous factors, we described genes and protein complexes, metabolic and signaling pathways [IIS (insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1/IGF-1 signaling), ARE/Nrf2 (antioxidant response elements/nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2), kynurenine/NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and kynurenine signaling)], and the sirtuin enzyme group and antioxidant enzymes (e.g., SOD1).
While characterizing exogenous factors, we indicated the role of nutrition, including the effect of a diet balanced in terms of the number of calories and the effect of consuming polyphenols, including resveratrol, curcumin, or epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and vitamins C and E, as well as the impact of microclimate, stress, the role of physical exercise, and the use of pharmacological agents. Analysis of these data showed that the factors related to the aging process have an influence on longevity and age-related diseases.