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Epidemiology of childhood acute leukemias Cover

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Incidence statistics of childhood acute leukemias in 2020 in WHO regions. a. Number of new cases; b. Number of new deaths [1,10]
Incidence statistics of childhood acute leukemias in 2020 in WHO regions. a. Number of new cases; b. Number of new deaths [1,10]

Figure 2.

Incidence trends of pediatric leukenia in 2020–2030. a. Percent of new cases; b. Percent of new deaths [16]
Incidence trends of pediatric leukenia in 2020–2030. a. Percent of new cases; b. Percent of new deaths [16]

Figure 3.

a. Incidence percantage of childhood ALL by age; b. Incidence percantageof childood AML by age [17,18,19]
a. Incidence percantage of childhood ALL by age; b. Incidence percantageof childood AML by age [17,18,19]

Estimated number of new cases and mortality in 2020 for childhood leukemia [20,21]

PopulationNew incidentMortality
FemalesMaleFemalesMale
WHO South-East Asia40.8 %59.2 %38.3 %61.7 %
WHO Western Pacific40.6 %59.4 %43.1 %56.9 %
WHO Americas44 %56 %41.5 %58.5 %
WHO East Mediterranean43.5 %56.5 %40.1 %59.9 %
WHO Europe41.7 %58.3 %42.1 %57.9 %
WHO Africa42.3 %57.7 %43.9 %56.1 %
all WHO regions42.1 %57.9 %41.5 %58.5 %

Genetic predisposition to childhood leukemia

Acquired syndromes/Genetic disordersType of leukemiaMutation
Down Syndrome
Down Syndrome (DS)ALL/AML
  • JAK2

  • GATA1

DNA repair gene syndromes and chromosomal instability syndromes
Fanconi anemia (FA)MDS/AMLFANCA
Bloom’s syndrome (BS)
  • ALL

  • AML

BLM
Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT)ALLATM
Constitutional Mismatch Repair Deficiency (CMMRD)ALL
  • MSH2

  • MSH6

  • MLH1

  • PMS2

Robertson translocation(RT)ALL
Tumor suppressor gene syndromes
Li-Fraumeni syndrome(LFS)ALLTP53
Neurofibromatosis (NF1)ALL AML (JMML)NF1
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS)ALLCDKN1C
Pure familial leukemia
Acquired monosomy 7MDS/AMLUnknown
Hereditary platelet disorders (HPDs)MDS/AML
  • RUNX1

  • ETV6

  • RD26

Bone marrow failure syndromes
Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS)AMLSDS
Diamond Blackfan anemia (DBA)MDS/AMLDBA
Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT)MDS/AMLc-Mpl
Cyclic neutropenia (CyN)MDS/AMLELANE
Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN)AMLELANE HAX1
Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (AMT)MDS/AMLc-MPL
Hereditary platelet disorders (HPDs)MDS/AML
  • RUNX1

  • ETV6

  • RD26

Aplastic anemia (AA)MDS/AML
  • SLIT1

  • SETBP1

  • ASXL1

  • MYBL2

  • TET2

The International Consensus Classification of AML [9]

AML with defining genetic abnormalities
AML with RUNX1::RUNX1T1 Fusion
AML with CBFB::MYH11 Fusion
Acute promyelocytic leukaemia with PML::RARA Fusion
AML with KMT2A rearrangement
AML with DEK::NUP214 Fusion
AML with MECOM rearrangement
AML with RBM15::MRTFA Fusion
AML with NUP98 rearrangement
AML with other (rare) defined genetic alterations
AML with NPM1 mutation
AML with CEBPA mutation
AML defined by differentiation
AML with minimal differentiation
AML without maturation
AML with maturation
Acute myelomonocytic leukemia
Acute monoblastic/monocytic leukemia
Pure erythroid leukemia
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
Acute basophilic leukemia

The International Consensus Classification of ALL [6]

B-ALL with t(12;21)(p13.2;q22.1)/ETV6::RUNX1
B-ALL. hyperdiploid
B-ALL. low hypodiploid
B-ALL. near haploid
B-ALL with t(5;14)(q31.1;q32.3)/IL3::IGH
B-ALL with t(1;19)(q23.3;p13.3)/TCF3::PBX1
B-ALL. BCR::ABL1–like, ABL-1 class rearranged
B-ALL. BCR::ABL1–like, JAK-STAT activated
B-ALL. BCR::ABL1–like, NOS (undefined)
B-ALL with iAMP21
B-ALL with MYC rearrangement
B-ALL with DUX4 rearrangement
B-ALL with MEF2D rearrangement
B-ALL with ZNF384(362) rearrangement
B-ALL with NUTM1 rearrangement
B-ALL with HLF rearrangement
B-ALL with UBTF::ATXN7L3/PAN3,CDX2 (“CDX2/UBTF”)
B-ALL with mutated IKZF1 N159Y
B-ALLwith mutated PAX5 P80R
  Provisional entity: B-ALL. ETV6::RUNX1-like
  Provisional entity: B-ALL. with PAX5 alteration
  Provisional entity: B-ALL. with mutated ZEB2 (p.H1038R)/IGH::CEBPE
  Provisional entity: B-ALL. ZNF384 rearranged-like
  Provisional entity: B-ALL. KMT2A rearranged-like
B-ALL, NOS (undefined)
T-ALL
  Early T-cell precursor ALLwith BCL11B rearrangement
  Early T-cell precursor ALL. NOS
  T-ALL. NOS
Provisional entity: natural killer cell ALL
Language: English
Page range: 22 - 36
Submitted on: Aug 8, 2023
Accepted on: Nov 13, 2023
Published on: Mar 14, 2024
Published by: Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2024 Marzena Ciesielska, Beata Orzechowska, Andrzej Gamian, Bernarda Kazanowska, published by Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.