Table 1.
General characteristics, whole-mouth hygiene status, bleeding index, and probing depth in the study group
| Variable | Characteristics (n = 33) |
|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD) | 57.1 ± 10.9 |
| Number of teeth (median, range) | 25 (13–27) |
| Number of implants (median, range) | 2 (1–9) |
| Body Mass Index (mean ± SD) | 24.3 ± 4.0 underweight (BMI < 18.5): 1 (3.0%) normal weight (18.5–24.9): 19 (58.0%) overweight (25.0–29.9): 10 (30.0%) obesity (BMI ≥ 30): 3 (9.0%) |
| Cigarette smoking (n, %) | 9 (27.3%) |
| PI (mean ± SD) | 38.4% ± 19.2 p.p. |
| API (mean ± SD) | 68.2% ± 29.8 p.p. |
| BOP (mean ± SD) | 23.2% ± 14.1 p.p. |
| Mean PD (mean ± SD) | 2.4 ± 0.4 mm |
[i] SD – standard deviation
[ii] p.p. – percentage points
[iii] PI – plaque index
[iv] API – approximal plaque index
[v] BOP – bleeding on probing
[vi] PD – probing depth
[vii] Tiv – Student's t-test for independent variables
Table 2.
Comparison of local hygiene status, bleeding, probing depth, and qualitative and quantitative assessment of bacteria between implants and the natural teeth
| Variable | Teeth | Implants | Comparison |
|---|---|---|---|
| PI (median, range) | 45% (0%–71%) | 25% (0%–88%) | p = 0.006 W |
| BOP (mean ± SD) | 22.6% ± 14.2 p.p. | 27.9% ± 23.3 p.p. | p = 0.091 Tdv |
| Mean PD (mean ± SD) | 2.3 ± 0.4 mm | 2.9 ± 0.7 mm | p < 0.001 Tdv |
| Number of bacteria in total (median, range [mln]) | 11 (0.1–5900) | 28 (0.4–2600) | p = 0.174 W |
| Aa – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD) | 5.0% ± 22.1 p.p. | 5.0% ± 22.1 p.p. | p = 1.000 Z |
| Aa – number (median, range) | 0 (0–2700) | 0 (0–52 000) | p = 0.855 W |
| Aa – number per million bacteria in total (median, range) | 0 (0–192.9) | 0 (0–14 444.4) | p = 0.584 W |
| Pg – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD) | 30.0% ± 46.4 p.p. | 27.5% ± 45.2 p.p. | p = 0.564 Z |
| Pg – number (median, range) | 0 (0–470 000) | 0 (0–230 000) | p = 0.263 W |
| Pg – number per million bacteria in total (median, range) | 0 (0–48 611) | 0 (0–25 275) | p = 0.442 W |
| Td – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD) | 45.0% ± 50.4 p.p. | 40.0% ± 49.6 p.p. | p = 0.480 Z |
| Td – number (median, range) | 0 (0–140 000) | 0 (0–11 000) | p = 0.211 W |
| Td – number per million bacteria in total (median, range) | 0 (0–18 056) | 0 (0–57 303) | p = 0.867 W |
| Tf – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD) | 40.0% ± 49.6 p.p. | 30.0% ± 46.4 p.p. | p = 0.317 Z |
| Tf – number (median, range) | 0 (0–23 000) | 0 (0–15 000) | p = 0.119 W |
| Tf – number per million bacteria in total (median, range) | 0 (0–9444) | 0 (0–58 427) | p = 0.603 W |
| Pi – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD) | 10.0% ± 30.4 p.p. | 7.5% ± 26.7 p.p. | p = 0.655 Z |
| Pi – number (median, range) | 0 (0–190 000) | 0 (0–180 000) | p = 0.528 W |
| Pi – number per million bacteria in total (median, range) | 0 (0–370.8) | 0 (0–12 857.1) | p = 1.000 W |
| Pm – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD) | 17.5% ± 38.5 p.p. | 25.0% ± 43.9 p.p. | p = 0.366 Z |
| Pm – number (median, range) | 0 (0–12 000) | 0 (0–2600) | p = 0.975 W |
| Pm – number per million bacteria in total (median, range) | 0 (0–21.8) | 0 (0–453.1) | p = 0.108 W |
| Fn | Absent in all the specimens | Absent in all the specimens | NA |
| En – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD) | 7.5% ± 26.7 p.p. | 5.0% ± 22.1 p.p. | P = 0.317 Z |
| En – number (median, range) | 0 (0–4200) | 0 (0–7500) | p = 0.423 W |
| En – number per million bacteria in total (median, range) | 0 (0–280) | 0 (0–500) | p = 0.423 W |
| Cg – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD) | 80.0% ± 40.5 p.p. | 70.0% ± 46.4 p.p. | p = 0.157 Z |
| Cg – number (median, range) | 375 (0–51 000) | 1070 (0–89 000) | p = 0.421 W |
| Cg – number per million bacteria in total (median, range) | 46.7 (0–3200) | 37.5 (0–24 722) | p = 0.775 W |
[i] SD – standard deviation
[ii] p.p. – percentage points
[iii] PI – plaque index
[iv] BOP – bleeding on probing
[v] PD – probing depth
[vi] W – Wilcoxon test for dependent groups
[vii] Tdv – Student's t-test for dependent variables
[viii] Aa – Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
[ix] Pg – Porphyromonas gingivalis
[x] Td – Treponema denticola
[xi] Tf – Tannerella forsythia
[xii] Pi – Prevotella intermedia
[xiii] Pm – Peptostreptococus micros
[xiv] Fn – Fusobacterium nucleatum
[xv] En – Eubacterium nodatum
[xvi] Cg – Capnocytophaga gingivalis
[xvii] W – Wilcoxon test for dependent groups
[xviii] Z – Z-test for two dependent proportions
[xix] NA – not applicable
Table 3.
Correlations between the local condition of tissues around teeth or implants and the presence of bacteria (Spearman's rank correlation analysis)
| Number of surfaces with plaque | Number of bleeding points | Max probing depth | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural teeth | Implants | Natural teeth | Implants | Natural teeth | Implants | |
| Number of bacteria in total | r = 0.150 p = 0.405 | r = 0.179 p = 0.318 | r = 0.034 p = 0.852 | r = 0.154 p = 0.391 | r = −0.012 p = 0.947 | r = −0.331 p = 0.060 |
| Aa number | r = 0.130 p = 0.472 | r = 0.274 p = 0.122 | r = −0.047 p = 0.797 | r = −0.029 p = 0.874 | r = 0.050 p = 0.781 | r = −0.173 p = 0.336 |
| Aa number per million bacteria in total | r = 0.130 p = 0.472 | r = 0.274 p = 0.122 | r = −0.047 p = 0.797 | r = −0.029 p = 0.874 | r = 0.050 p = 0.781 | r = −0.173 p = 0.336 |
| Pg number | r = 0.277 p = 0.118 | r = 0.229 p = 0.200 | r = 0.155 p = 0.388 | r = 0.190 p = 0.290 | r = 0.395 p = 0.023 | r = 0.020 p = 0.910 |
| Pg number per million bacteria in total | r = 0.278 p = 0.118 | r = 0.193 p = 0.282 | r = 0.154 p = 0.392 | r = 0.184 p = 0.306 | r = 0.368 p = 0.035 | r = 0.019 p = 0.916 |
| Td number | r = 0.659 p < 0.001 | r = 0.156 p = 0.387 | r = 0.541 p = 0.001 | r = 0.320 p = 0.070 | r = 0.435 p = 0.011 | r = −0.036 p = 0.844 |
| Td number per million bacteria in total | r = 0.691 p < 0.001 | r = 0.129 p = 0.473 | r = 0.609 p < 0.001 | r = 0.305 p = 0.084 | r = 0.412 p = 0.017 | r = −0.028 p = 0.875 |
| Tf number | r = 0.576 p < 0.001 | r = −0.008 p = 0.964 | r = 0.615 p < 0.001 | r = 0.061 p = 0.737 | r = 0.406 p = 0.019 | r = −0.045 p = 0.802 |
| Tf number per million bacteria in total | r = 0.593 p < 0.001 | r = −0.036 p = 0.844 | r = 0.637 p < 0.001 | r = 0.046 p = 0.801 | r = 0.328 p = 0.063 | r = −0.028 p = 0.877 |
| Pi number | r = 0.285 p = 0.107 | r = −0.163 p = 0.366 | r = 0.400 p = 0.021 | r = −0.029 p = 0.874 | r = 0.347 p = 0.048 | r = −0.173 p = 0.336 |
| Pi number per million bacteria in total | r = 0.305 p = 0.084 | r = −0.162 p = 0.366 | r = 0.402 p = 0.021 | r = −0.029 p = 0.874 | r = 0.349 p = 0.047 | r = −0.173 p = 0.336 |
| Pm number | r = 0.051 p = 0.778 | r = −0.226 p = 0.206 | r = −0.021 p = 0.908 | r = 0.095 p = 0.600 | r = −0.033 p = 0.853 | r = −0.086 p = 0.633 |
| Pm number per million bacteria in total | r = 0.061 p = 0.736 | r = −0.246 p = 0.167 | r = 0.065 p = 0.720 | r = 0.069 p = 0.704 | r = 0.002 p = 0.993 | r = −0.012 p = 0.947 |
| En number | r = 0.235 p = 0.188 | r = 0.090 p = 0.619 | r = 0.306 p = 0.083 | r = 0.185 p = 0.302 | r = 0.041 p = 0.823 | r = −0.100 p = 0.580 |
| En number per million bacteria in total | r = 0.243 p = 0.173 | r = 0.090 p = 0.619 | r = 0.306 p = 0.083 | r = 0.185 p = 0.302 | r = 0.037 p = 0.836 | r = −0.100 p = 0.580 |
| Cg number | r = 0.268 p = 0.132 | r = 0.274 p = 0.123 | r = 0.003 p = 0.986 | r = −0.033 p = 0.854 | r = −0.146 p = 0.419 | r = −0.101 p = 0.576 |
| Cg number per million bacteria in total | r = 0.321 p = 0.068 | r = 0.337 p = 0.055 | r = 0.064 p = 0.722 | r = 0.002 p = 0.992 | r = 0.032 p = 0.856 | r = 0.176 p = 0.328 |
[i] Aa – Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
[ii] Pg – Porphyromonas gingivalis
[iii] Td – Treponema denticola
[iv] Tf – Tannerella forsythia
[v] Pi – Prevotella intermedia
[vi] Pm – Peptostreptococus micros
[vii] Fn – Fusobacterium nucleatum
[viii] En – Eubacterium nodatum
[ix] Cg – Capnocytophaga gingivalis
Table 4.
Number of specific bacteria in periodontal pockets versus presence of risk factors and whole-mouth indices of plaque, bleeding, and pocket depth (only species for which at least one statistically significant difference/correlation was obtained)
| Bacteria in periodontal pockets (median, range) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of bacteria in total [mln] | Aa | Pg | Td | Tf | Pi | Pm | En | Cg | ||
| Age | r = −0.071 p = 0.663 S | r = −0.081 p = 0.619 S | r = 0.279 p = 0.081 S | r = 0.398 p = 0.011 S | r = 0.196 p = 0.226 S | r = 0.154 p = 0.343 S | r = 0.218 p = 0.177 S | r = 0.056 p = 0.734 S | r = −0.139 p = 0.392 S | |
| Sex | Women | 9 (0–1000) | 0 (0–150) | 0 (0–41 000) | 0 (0–120 000) | 0 (0–17 000) | 0 (0) | 0 (0–12 000) | 0 (0–4200) | 225 (0–51 000) |
| Men | 132 (7–5900) | 0 (0–2700) | 6000 (0–470 000) | 28 560 (0–140 000) | 345 (0–23 000) | 650 (0–190 000) | 0 (0–10 000) | 0 (0–310) | 1550 (140–40 000) | |
| Comparison | p = 0.013 M | p = 0.283 M | p = 0.058 M | p = 0.033 M | p = 0.093 M | p < 0.001 M | p = 0.592 M | p = 0.050 M | p = 0.228 M | |
| Body Mass Index | r = 0.237 p = 0.141 S | r = 0.053 p = 0.747 S | r = 0.305 p = 0.055 S | r = 0.109 p = 0.503 S | r = 0.066 p = 0.687 S | r = 0.210 p = 0.193 S | r = 0.065 p = 0.691 S | r = 0.084 p = 0.605 S | r = 0.125 p = 0.440 S | |
| Cigarette smoking | Yes | 4 (0–240) | 0 (0–2700) | 12 000 (0–470 000) | 340 (0–140 000) | 270 (0–23 000) | 0 (0–89 000) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 140 (0–40 000) |
| No | 14 (1–5900) | 0 (0) | 0 (0–11 000) | 0 (0–120 000) | 0 (0–17 000) | 0 (0–190 000) | 0 (0–12 000) | 0 (0–4200) | 1000 (0–51 000) | |
| Comparison | p = 0.126 M | p = 0.022 M | p = 0.008 M | p = 0.066 M | p = 0.225 M | p = 0.309 M | p = 0.082 M | p = 0.289 M | p = 0.014 M | |
| PI | r = 0.506 p < 0.001 S | r = 0.028 p = 0.865 S | r = 0.435 p = 0.005 S | r = 0.608 p < 0.001 S | r = 0.593 p < 0.001 S | r = 0.477 p = 0.002 S | r = 0.452 p = 0.003 S | r = 0.248 p = 0.123 S | r = 0.205 p = 0.204 S | |
| API | r = 0.514 p < 0.001 S | r = 0.070 p = 0.667 S | r = 0.227 p = 0.159 S | r = 0.414 p = 0.008 S | r = 0.278 p = 0.082 S | r = 0.221 p = 0.170 S | r = 0.507 p < 0.001 S | r = 0.155 p = 0.341 S | r = 0.321 p = 0.044 S | |
| BOP | r = 0.236 p = 0.142 S | r = 0.004 p = 0.978 S | r = 0.282 p = 0.078 S | r = 0.574 p < 0.001 S | r = 0.453 p = 0.003 S | r = 0.408 p = 0.009 S | r = 0.141 p = 0.387 S | r = 0.308 p = 0.053 S | r = 0.161 p = 0.321 S | |
| PD mean | r = 0.014 p = 0.932 S | r = 0.100 p = 0.541 S | r = 0.603 p < 0.001 S | r = 0.696 p < 0.001 S | r = 0.507 p < 0.001 S | r = 0.389 p = 0.013 S | r = 0.086 p = 0.598 S | r = 0.098 p = 0.548 S | r = −0.181 p = 0.263 S | |
[i] PI – plaque index
[ii] API – approximal plaque index
[iii] BOP – bleeding on probing
[iv] PD – probing depth
[v] Aa – Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
[vi] Pg – Porphyromonas gingivalis
[vii] Td – Treponema denticola
[viii] Tf – Tannerella forsythia
[ix] Pi – Prevotella intermedia
[x] Pm – Peptostreptococus micros
[xi] En – Eubacterium nodatum
[xii] Cg – Capnocytophaga gingivalis
[xiii] M - Mann-Whitney U test for independent groups
[xiv] S – Spearman's rank correlation
Table 5.
Number of specific bacteria in tissues around the implants versus presence of risk factors and whole-mouth indices of plaque, bleeding, and pocket depth (only species for which at least one statistically significant difference/correlation was obtained)
| Bacteria in tissues around the implants (median, range) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of bacteria in total [mln] | Aa | Pg | Td | Cg | ||
| Age | r = 0.113 p = 0.488 S | r = 0.189 p = 0.243 S | r = 0.368 p = 0.020 S | r = 0.320 p = 0.044 S | r = −0.129 p = 0.426 S | |
| Sex | Women | 23 (0–2600) | 0 (0–52 000) | 0 (0–230 000) | 0 (0–11 000) | 1070 (0–89 000) |
| Men | 360 (1–1700) | 0 (0) | 160 (0–37 000) | 140 (0–6800) | 2740 (0–44 000) | |
| Comparison | p = 0.088 M | p = 0.502 M | p = 0.190 M | p = 0.504 M | p = 0.391 M | |
| Body Mass Index | r = 0.167 p = 0.304 S | r = −0.358 p = 0.023 S | r = 0.120 p = 0.462 S | r = −0.028 p = 0.863 S | r = −0.185 p = 0.252 S | |
| Cigarette smoking | Yes | 41 (0–1700) | 0 (0–52 000) | 320 (0–37 000) | 3800 (0–11 000) | 230 (0–13 000) |
| No | 26 (0–2600) | 0 (0) | 0 (0–230 000) | 0 (0–6800) | 1900 (0–89 000) | |
| Comparison | p = 0.928 M | p = 0.023 M | p = 0.028 M | p = 0.017 M | p = 0.231 M | |
| PI | r = 0.485 p = 0.001 S | r = 0.060 p = 0.715 S | r = 0.279 p = 0.081 S | r = 0.339 p = 0.032 S | r = 0.307 p = 0.054 S | |
| API | r = 0.486 p = 0.001 S | r = 0.100 p = 0.541 S | r = 0.109 p = 0.505 S | r = 0.277 p = 0.083 S | r = 0.405 p = 0.009 S | |
| BOP | r = 0.216 p = 0.180 S | r = −0.030 p = 0.855 S | r = 0.146 p = 0.370 S | r = 0.366 p = 0.020 S | r = 0.185 p = 0.253 S | |
| PD mean | r = 0.133 p = 0.414 S | r = 0.199 p = 0.219 S | r = 0.501 p < 0.001 S | r = 0.545 p < 0.001 S | r = −0.007 p = 0.966 S | |
[i] PI – plaque index
[ii] API – approximal plaque index
[iii] BOP – bleeding on probing
[iv] PD – probing depth
[v] Aa – Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
[vi] Pg – Porphyromonas gingivalis
[vii] Td – Treponema denticola
[viii] Cg – Capnocytophaga gingivalis
[ix] M – Mann-Whitney U test for independent groups
[x] S – Spearman's rank correlation