The condition of periodontal tissues and selected microorganisms presence around implants and natural teeth

Jaszczak-Małkowska, Magdalena; Grabowska, Ewa; Górski, Bartłomiej; Górska, Renata

The condition of periodontal tissues and selected microorganisms presence around implants and natural teeth

Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej

Volume 77 (2023): Issue 1 (January 2023)

By:

Magdalena Jaszczak-Małkowska

, Ewa Grabowska

, Bartłomiej Górski

and Renata Górska

Open Access

|Sep 2023

Figures & Tables

Number of specific bacteria in tissues around the implants versus presence of risk factors and whole-mouth indices of plaque, bleeding, and pocket depth (only species for which at least one statistically significant difference/correlation was obtained)

		Bacteria in tissues around the implants (median, range)
		Number of bacteria in total [mln]	Aa	Pg	Td	Cg
Age		r = 0.113p = 0.488 ^S	r = 0.189p = 0.243 ^S	r = 0.368p = 0.020 ^S	r = 0.320p = 0.044 ^S	r = −0.129p = 0.426 ^S
Sex	Women	23 (0–2600)	0 (0–52 000)	0 (0–230 000)	0 (0–11 000)	1070 (0–89 000)
	Men	360 (1–1700)	0 (0)	160 (0–37 000)	140 (0–6800)	2740 (0–44 000)
	Comparison	p = 0.088 ^M	p = 0.502 ^M	p = 0.190 ^M	p = 0.504 ^M	p = 0.391 ^M
Body Mass Index		r = 0.167p = 0.304 ^S	r = −0.358p = 0.023 ^S	r = 0.120p = 0.462 ^S	r = −0.028p = 0.863 ^S	r = −0.185p = 0.252 ^S
Cigarette smoking	Yes	41 (0–1700)	0 (0–52 000)	320 (0–37 000)	3800 (0–11 000)	230 (0–13 000)
	No	26 (0–2600)	0 (0)	0 (0–230 000)	0 (0–6800)	1900 (0–89 000)
	Comparison	p = 0.928 ^M	p = 0.023 ^M	p = 0.028 ^M	p = 0.017 ^M	p = 0.231 ^M
PI		r = 0.485p = 0.001 ^S	r = 0.060p = 0.715 ^S	r = 0.279p = 0.081 ^S	r = 0.339p = 0.032 ^S	r = 0.307p = 0.054 ^S
API		r = 0.486p = 0.001 ^S	r = 0.100p = 0.541 ^S	r = 0.109p = 0.505 ^S	r = 0.277p = 0.083 ^S	r = 0.405p = 0.009 ^S
BOP		r = 0.216p = 0.180 ^S	r = −0.030p = 0.855 ^S	r = 0.146p = 0.370 ^S	r = 0.366p = 0.020 ^S	r = 0.185p = 0.253 ^S
PD mean		r = 0.133p = 0.414 ^S	r = 0.199p = 0.219 ^S	r = 0.501p < 0.001 ^S	r = 0.545p < 0.001 ^S	r = −0.007p = 0.966 ^S

Number of specific bacteria in periodontal pockets versus presence of risk factors and whole-mouth indices of plaque, bleeding, and pocket depth (only species for which at least one statistically significant difference/correlation was obtained)

		Bacteria in periodontal pockets (median, range)
		Number of bacteria in total [mln]	Aa	Pg	Td	Tf	Pi	Pm	En	Cg
Age		r = −0.071p = 0.663 ^S	r = −0.081p = 0.619 ^S	r = 0.279p = 0.081 ^S	r = 0.398p = 0.011 ^S	r = 0.196p = 0.226 ^S	r = 0.154p = 0.343 ^S	r = 0.218p = 0.177 ^S	r = 0.056p = 0.734 ^S	r = −0.139p = 0.392 ^S
Sex	Women	9 (0–1000)	0 (0–150)	0 (0–41 000)	0 (0–120 000)	0 (0–17 000)	0 (0)	0 (0–12 000)	0 (0–4200)	225 (0–51 000)
	Men	132 (7–5900)	0 (0–2700)	6000 (0–470 000)	28 560 (0–140 000)	345 (0–23 000)	650 (0–190 000)	0 (0–10 000)	0 (0–310)	1550 (140–40 000)
	Comparison	p = 0.013 ^M	p = 0.283 ^M	p = 0.058 ^M	p = 0.033 ^M	p = 0.093 ^M	p < 0.001 ^M	p = 0.592 ^M	p = 0.050 ^M	p = 0.228 ^M
Body Mass Index		r = 0.237p = 0.141 ^S	r = 0.053p = 0.747 ^S	r = 0.305p = 0.055 ^S	r = 0.109p = 0.503 ^S	r = 0.066p = 0.687 ^S	r = 0.210p = 0.193 ^S	r = 0.065p = 0.691 ^S	r = 0.084p = 0.605 ^S	r = 0.125p = 0.440 ^S
Cigarette smoking	Yes	4 (0–240)	0 (0–2700)	12 000 (0–470 000)	340 (0–140 000)	270 (0–23 000)	0 (0–89 000)	0 (0)	0 (0)	140 (0–40 000)
	No	14 (1–5900)	0 (0)	0 (0–11 000)	0 (0–120 000)	0 (0–17 000)	0 (0–190 000)	0 (0–12 000)	0 (0–4200)	1000 (0–51 000)
	Comparison	p = 0.126 ^M	p = 0.022 ^M	p = 0.008 ^M	p = 0.066 ^M	p = 0.225 ^M	p = 0.309 ^M	p = 0.082 ^M	p = 0.289 ^M	p = 0.014 ^M
PI		r = 0.506p < 0.001 ^S	r = 0.028p = 0.865 ^S	r = 0.435p = 0.005 ^S	r = 0.608p < 0.001 ^S	r = 0.593p < 0.001 ^S	r = 0.477p = 0.002 ^S	r = 0.452p = 0.003 ^S	r = 0.248p = 0.123 ^S	r = 0.205p = 0.204 ^S
API		r = 0.514p < 0.001 ^S	r = 0.070p = 0.667 ^S	r = 0.227p = 0.159 ^S	r = 0.414p = 0.008 ^S	r = 0.278p = 0.082 ^S	r = 0.221p = 0.170 ^S	r = 0.507p < 0.001 ^S	r = 0.155p = 0.341 ^S	r = 0.321p = 0.044 ^S
BOP		r = 0.236p = 0.142 ^S	r = 0.004p = 0.978 ^S	r = 0.282p = 0.078 ^S	r = 0.574p < 0.001 ^S	r = 0.453p = 0.003 ^S	r = 0.408p = 0.009 ^S	r = 0.141p = 0.387 ^S	r = 0.308p = 0.053 ^S	r = 0.161p = 0.321 ^S
PD mean		r = 0.014p = 0.932 ^S	r = 0.100p = 0.541 ^S	r = 0.603p < 0.001 ^S	r = 0.696p < 0.001 ^S	r = 0.507p < 0.001 ^S	r = 0.389p = 0.013 ^S	r = 0.086p = 0.598 ^S	r = 0.098p = 0.548 ^S	r = −0.181p = 0.263 ^S

Comparison of local hygiene status, bleeding, probing depth, and qualitative and quantitative assessment of bacteria between implants and the natural teeth

Variable	Teeth	Implants	Comparison
PI (median, range)	45% (0%–71%)	25% (0%–88%)	p = 0.006 ^W
BOP (mean ± SD)	22.6% ± 14.2 p.p.	27.9% ± 23.3 p.p.	p = 0.091 ^Tdv
Mean PD (mean ± SD)	2.3 ± 0.4 mm	2.9 ± 0.7 mm	p < 0.001 ^Tdv
Number of bacteria in total (median, range [mln])	11 (0.1–5900)	28 (0.4–2600)	p = 0.174 ^W
Aa – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD)	5.0% ± 22.1 p.p.	5.0% ± 22.1 p.p.	p = 1.000 ^Z
Aa – number (median, range)	0 (0–2700)	0 (0–52 000)	p = 0.855 ^W
Aa – number per million bacteria in total (median, range)	0 (0–192.9)	0 (0–14 444.4)	p = 0.584 ^W
Pg – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD)	30.0% ± 46.4 p.p.	27.5% ± 45.2 p.p.	p = 0.564 ^Z
Pg – number (median, range)	0 (0–470 000)	0 (0–230 000)	p = 0.263 ^W
Pg – number per million bacteria in total (median, range)	0 (0–48 611)	0 (0–25 275)	p = 0.442 ^W
Td – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD)	45.0% ± 50.4 p.p.	40.0% ± 49.6 p.p.	p = 0.480 ^Z
Td – number (median, range)	0 (0–140 000)	0 (0–11 000)	p = 0.211 ^W
Td – number per million bacteria in total (median, range)	0 (0–18 056)	0 (0–57 303)	p = 0.867 ^W
Tf – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD)	40.0% ± 49.6 p.p.	30.0% ± 46.4 p.p.	p = 0.317 ^Z
Tf – number (median, range)	0 (0–23 000)	0 (0–15 000)	p = 0.119 ^W
Tf – number per million bacteria in total (median, range)	0 (0–9444)	0 (0–58 427)	p = 0.603 ^W
Pi – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD)	10.0% ± 30.4 p.p.	7.5% ± 26.7 p.p.	p = 0.655 ^Z
Pi – number (median, range)	0 (0–190 000)	0 (0–180 000)	p = 0.528 ^W
Pi – number per million bacteria in total (median, range)	0 (0–370.8)	0 (0–12 857.1)	p = 1.000 ^W
Pm – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD)	17.5% ± 38.5 p.p.	25.0% ± 43.9 p.p.	p = 0.366 ^Z
Pm – number (median, range)	0 (0–12 000)	0 (0–2600)	p = 0.975 ^W
Pm – number per million bacteria in total (median, range)	0 (0–21.8)	0 (0–453.1)	p = 0.108 ^W
Fn	Absent in all the specimens	Absent in all the specimens	NA
En – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD)	7.5% ± 26.7 p.p.	5.0% ± 22.1 p.p.	P = 0.317 ^Z
En – number (median, range)	0 (0–4200)	0 (0–7500)	p = 0.423 ^W
En – number per million bacteria in total (median, range)	0 (0–280)	0 (0–500)	p = 0.423 ^W
Cg – percentage of teeth/implants (mean ± SD)	80.0% ± 40.5 p.p.	70.0% ± 46.4 p.p.	p = 0.157 ^Z
Cg – number (median, range)	375 (0–51 000)	1070 (0–89 000)	p = 0.421 ^W
Cg – number per million bacteria in total (median, range)	46.7 (0–3200)	37.5 (0–24 722)	p = 0.775 ^W

Correlations between the local condition of tissues around teeth or implants and the presence of bacteria (Spearman's rank correlation analysis)

	Number of surfaces with plaque		Number of bleeding points		Max probing depth
	Natural teeth	Implants	Natural teeth	Implants	Natural teeth	Implants
Number of bacteria in total	r = 0.150p = 0.405	r = 0.179p = 0.318	r = 0.034p = 0.852	r = 0.154p = 0.391	r = −0.012p = 0.947	r = −0.331p = 0.060
Aa number	r = 0.130p = 0.472	r = 0.274p = 0.122	r = −0.047p = 0.797	r = −0.029p = 0.874	r = 0.050p = 0.781	r = −0.173p = 0.336
Aa number per million bacteria in total	r = 0.130p = 0.472	r = 0.274p = 0.122	r = −0.047p = 0.797	r = −0.029p = 0.874	r = 0.050p = 0.781	r = −0.173p = 0.336
Pg number	r = 0.277p = 0.118	r = 0.229p = 0.200	r = 0.155p = 0.388	r = 0.190p = 0.290	r = 0.395p = 0.023	r = 0.020p = 0.910
Pg number per million bacteria in total	r = 0.278p = 0.118	r = 0.193p = 0.282	r = 0.154p = 0.392	r = 0.184p = 0.306	r = 0.368p = 0.035	r = 0.019p = 0.916
Td number	r = 0.659p < 0.001	r = 0.156p = 0.387	r = 0.541p = 0.001	r = 0.320p = 0.070	r = 0.435p = 0.011	r = −0.036p = 0.844
Td number per million bacteria in total	r = 0.691p < 0.001	r = 0.129p = 0.473	r = 0.609p < 0.001	r = 0.305p = 0.084	r = 0.412p = 0.017	r = −0.028p = 0.875
Tf number	r = 0.576p < 0.001	r = −0.008p = 0.964	r = 0.615p < 0.001	r = 0.061p = 0.737	r = 0.406p = 0.019	r = −0.045p = 0.802
Tf number per million bacteria in total	r = 0.593p < 0.001	r = −0.036p = 0.844	r = 0.637p < 0.001	r = 0.046p = 0.801	r = 0.328p = 0.063	r = −0.028p = 0.877
Pi number	r = 0.285p = 0.107	r = −0.163p = 0.366	r = 0.400p = 0.021	r = −0.029p = 0.874	r = 0.347p = 0.048	r = −0.173p = 0.336
Pi number per million bacteria in total	r = 0.305p = 0.084	r = −0.162p = 0.366	r = 0.402p = 0.021	r = −0.029p = 0.874	r = 0.349p = 0.047	r = −0.173p = 0.336
Pm number	r = 0.051p = 0.778	r = −0.226p = 0.206	r = −0.021p = 0.908	r = 0.095p = 0.600	r = −0.033p = 0.853	r = −0.086p = 0.633
Pm number per million bacteria in total	r = 0.061p = 0.736	r = −0.246p = 0.167	r = 0.065p = 0.720	r = 0.069p = 0.704	r = 0.002p = 0.993	r = −0.012p = 0.947
En number	r = 0.235p = 0.188	r = 0.090p = 0.619	r = 0.306p = 0.083	r = 0.185p = 0.302	r = 0.041p = 0.823	r = −0.100p = 0.580
En number per million bacteria in total	r = 0.243p = 0.173	r = 0.090p = 0.619	r = 0.306p = 0.083	r = 0.185p = 0.302	r = 0.037p = 0.836	r = −0.100p = 0.580
Cg number	r = 0.268p = 0.132	r = 0.274p = 0.123	r = 0.003p = 0.986	r = −0.033p = 0.854	r = −0.146p = 0.419	r = −0.101p = 0.576
Cg number per million bacteria in total	r = 0.321p = 0.068	r = 0.337p = 0.055	r = 0.064p = 0.722	r = 0.002p = 0.992	r = 0.032p = 0.856	r = 0.176p = 0.328

General characteristics, whole-mouth hygiene status, bleeding index, and probing depth in the study group

Variable	Characteristics (n = 33)
Age (mean ± SD)	57.1 ± 10.9
Number of teeth (median, range)	25 (13–27)
Number of implants (median, range)	2 (1–9)
Body Mass Index (mean ± SD)	24.3 ± 4.0underweight (BMI < 18.5): 1 (3.0%)normal weight (18.5–24.9): 19 (58.0%)overweight (25.0–29.9): 10 (30.0%)obesity (BMI ≥ 30): 3 (9.0%)
Cigarette smoking (n, %)	9 (27.3%)
PI (mean ± SD)	38.4% ± 19.2 p.p.
API (mean ± SD)	68.2% ± 29.8 p.p.
BOP (mean ± SD)	23.2% ± 14.1 p.p.
Mean PD (mean ± SD)	2.4 ± 0.4 mm

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ahem-2023-0009 | Journal eISSN: 1732-2693

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Language: English

Page range: 82 - 90

Submitted on: Aug 25, 2022

Accepted on: Mar 31, 2023

Published on: Sep 13, 2023

Published by: Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 times per year

Keywords:

Related subjects:

Microbiology and virology,

Medicine,

Basic medical science,

Immunology

© 2023 Magdalena Jaszczak-Małkowska, Ewa Grabowska, Bartłomiej Górski, Renata Górska, published by Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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