Figure 1.
Risk factors for T1DM and T2DM
Table 1.
Sequences of primers, reaction mixture and amplification program used in the study
| Bifidobacterium spp. | All bacteria | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oligonucleotide sequence (5′−> 3′) | F: CTCCTGGAAACGGGTGG R:GGTGTTCTTCCCGATATCTACA | F: CCTACGGGNGGCWGCAG R:GACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCC | ||
| Reaction mixture | Water | 2.8 µl | ||
| SYBR Green PCR Master Mix | 5 µl | |||
| Primer F (20mM) | 0.1 µl | |||
| Primer R (20mM) | 0.1 µl | |||
| DNA | 2 µl | |||
| Amplification program | 95°C – 5 min | 95°C – 5 min | ||
| 95°C – 30 sec | 40 cycles | 95°C – 30 sec | 40 cycles | |
| 53°C – 30 sec | 55°C – 30 sec | |||
| 72°C – 30 sec | 72°C – 30 sec | |||
Table 2.
Characteristics of the studied patient groups
| T1DM n = 33 | T2DM n = 31 | CONTROL n = 33 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex: male: female (n) | 9 : 24 | 13 : 18 | 10 : 23 | 0.424 |
| Age (yrs) | 39.36 (± 13.27) | 62.68 (± 8.87) | 41.21 (± 13.96) | <0.001 |
| BMI [kg/m2] | 24.27 (± 4.80) | 29.28 (± 4.95) | 23.62 (± 1.74) | <0.001 |
| Glucose [mmol/l] | 7.26 (± 1.63) | 7.85 (± 2.62) | 4.67 (± 0.56) | <0.001* |
| Total cholesterol [mmol/l] | 4.66 (± 0.89) | 4.71 (± 1.19) | 5.17 (± 0.70) | 0.025 |
| HDL [mmol/l] | 1.68 (± 0.40) | 1.12 (± 0.37) | 1.65 (± 0.33) | <0.001 |
| LDL [mmol/l] | 2.60 (± 0.75) | 2.70 (± 1.06) | 3.09 (± 0.54) | 0.009 |
| Triglycerides (TG) [mmol/l] | 0.99 (± 0.57) | 2.29 (± 1.83) | 0.98 (± 0.43) | <0.001* |
| ALT [U/l] | 17.73 (± 8.57) | 28.58 (± 16.46) | 18.92 (± 6.36) | <0.001* |
| HbA1c [%] | 8.37 (± 2.72) | 8.11 (± 2.72) | 5.38 (± 0.24) | <0.001 |
| Bifidobacterium spp. [CFU/g] [logCFU/g] | 7.08 × 106 (± 2.14 × 107) 6.13 (± 0.95) | 6.38 × 106 (± 9.59 × 106) 6.34 (± 0.77) | 1.41 × 107 (± 1.76 × 107) 6.93 ± (0.43) | <0.001* |
| All bacteria [CFU/g] [logCFU/g] | 7.27 × 1011 (± 9.04 × 1011) 11.32 (± 0.96) | 7.29 × 1011 (± 7.57 × 1011) 11.49 (± 0.73) | 1.48 × 1012 (± 4.09 × 1012) 11.58 (± 0.59) | 0.397 |